Non-cyclical transmission of trypanosomiasis in Uganda. II. Experimental assessment of the survival time of Trypanosoma brucei in Stomoxys calcitrans

Dixon, JB; Cull, RS; Dunbar, IF; Greenhill, RJ; Grimshaw, CG; Hill, MA; Landeg, FJ; Miller, W. C.

doi:10.1136/vr.89.9.233

Cited by 3 publications

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“…This process © 1998 Blackwell Science Ltd, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 12, [417][418][419][420][421][422] was also mimicked with a syringe needle. These detailed studies of persistence in stable fly mouthparts agree with more limited previous observations made with other stable fly and parasite combinations (Dixon et al, 1971;Wells, 1972). Contaminative transmission clearly provides a straightforward explanation for these laboratory observations, given conditions of high parasitaemia, brief time periods between feeds and highly infective stocks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Mechanical transmission ofTrypanosoma evansiandT. congolensebyStomoxys nigerandS. taeniatusin a laboratory mouse model

Sumba

Mihok

Oyieke

1998

Medical Vet Entomology

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Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma evansi (South American origin) and T. congolense of Kilifi DNA type (Kenyan origin) was studied in laboratory mice using the African stable flies Stomoxys niger niger and S. taeniatus. Altogether, 355 flies were interrupted after feeding on infected blood and then transferred immediately to an uninfected mouse to complete feeding. Microscopy and subinoculation of triturated flies into uninfected mice demonstrated the survival of T. congolense in Stomoxys for up to 210 min and T. evansi for up to 480 min. Parasites survived for much longer periods in the digestive tract than inside or on the mouthparts. Trypanosoma congolense was transmitted only by S. n. niger, and only at low rates of 3, 8 and 10% using flies of different feeding histories: fed on blood the previous day, freshly caught, and teneral. Trypanosoma evansi was transmitted by both Stomoxys species at higher rates: S. taeniatus range 13-18%; S. n. niger range 17-35%. The highest transmission rate occurred with the combination of teneral S. n. niger and T. evansi.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Mechanical transmission ofTrypanosoma evansiandT. congolensebyStomoxys nigerandS. taeniatusin a laboratory mouse model

Sumba

Mihok

Oyieke

1998

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…In two different parts of Africa non-infected cattle were grazed together with infected cattle outside known tsetse areas, but where other biting flies did occur, and in neither case did the non-infected animals become infected (Folkers & Mohammed, 1965;Boyt et al, 1970). In the laboratory, Dixon et al (1971) inoculated triturates of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) into mice after feeding on an animal infected with T. brucei. It was concluded that the insect was a poor mechanical vector although some mice did become infected after up to 30 min survival of the trypanosomes on the fly.…”

Section: Mechanical Transmission Of Trypanosomes By Insects Other Thamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in the ecology and methods of control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Dipt., Glossinidae)—a review

Jordan

1974

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The literature published during 1964-72 concerned with the ecology and control of Glossina is reviewed and put into context with previously published information. Thirty species or subspecies of Glossina are recognised. Improved methods of sampling have been developed which catch many more females of the morsitans group than other methods and allow more accurate estimates of population density and structure to be made than has been possible hitherto. New concepts of the activity and behaviour patterns of G. morsitans Westwood have been developed from work carried out both in the field and in the laboratory. Detailed studies on resting sites have been followed by successful control campaigns based on the selective use of insecticides. Most large-scale control campaigns during the period under review were based on applications of insecticides from the ground; other control methods used were aerial applications of insecticides, mechanical clearing of vegetation, selective game destruction and a small-scale project using the sterile insect release method. Techniques for identifying and assessing trypanosome infections in Glossina are described and a Table is given of infection rates in various species of tsetse. Differences in observed infection rates can result according to the time and method of sampling but actual infection rates are affected by a variety of factors including the maintenance temperature of puparia and adults, the age of the fly at the time of the infective feed, the age structure of the tsetse population and the hosts on which it feeds. Genetic differences in infedibility may occur between different individuals of a single species and certainly occur between different species. CONTENTS

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“…The survival time in a vector has been alleged to be influenced by the mammalian host (Dixon et al, 1971) or by the strain of trypanosome (Taylor, 1930). Dixon et al thought that the survival time appeared to be influenced by the particular one of a pair of cattle which had been used as a source of the trypanosome.…”

Section: (C) Dynamics Of Mechanical Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of mechanical transmission in the epidemiology of nagana: A review

Wells

1972

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Non-cyclical transmission of trypanosomiasis in Uganda. II. Experimental assessment of the survival time of Trypanosoma brucei in Stomoxys calcitrans

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Mechanical transmission ofTrypanosoma evansiandT. congolensebyStomoxys nigerandS. taeniatusin a laboratory mouse model

Mechanical transmission ofTrypanosoma evansiandT. congolensebyStomoxys nigerandS. taeniatusin a laboratory mouse model

Recent developments in the ecology and methods of control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Dipt., Glossinidae)—a review

The importance of mechanical transmission in the epidemiology of nagana: A review

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