Non-Destructive Global and Localized 2D T1/T2 NMR Relaxometry to Resolve Microstructure in Apples Affected by Watercore

Abstract

Apples can be considered as having a complex system formed by several structures at different organization levels: macroscale (>100 μm) and microscale (<100 μm). This work implements 2D T 1 /T 2 global and localized relaxometry sequences on whole apples to be able to perform an intensive non-destructive and non-invasive microstructure study. The 2D T 1 /T 2 cross-correlation spectroscopy allows the extraction of quantitative information about the water compartmentation in different subcellular organelles. A clear difference is found as sound apples show neat peaks for water in different subcellular compartments, such as vacuolar, cytoplasmatic and extracellular water, while in watercore-affected tissues such compartments appear merged. Localized relaxometry allows for the predefinition of slices in order to understand the microstructure of a particular region of the fruit, providing information that cannot be derived from global 2D T 1 /T 2 relaxometry.

Sweet cherry softening accompanied with moisture migration and loss during low‐temperature storage

“…In general, the relaxation time of complex systems exhibits multicomponent behavior, in which each component can be interpreted as representing different water mobility . In recent years, the relaxation time has been used to describe moisture status in various fruit, such as apple ( Malus pumila ), mume ( Prunus mume ), pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai, Kosui), and strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) .…”

Instrumental Procedures for the Evaluation of Juiciness in Peach and Nectarine Cultivars for Fresh Consumption

“…During peach and nectarine ripening, these factors change. The evolution of pulp structure affects macroscopic properties such as rheological behavior, transport properties, and the distribution of gases and water, as well as their connectivity and mobility through the pores [28]. In sound fruits, the cell-wall enzyme activity during ripening decreases adhesion between fruit cells and turgor, and increases the propensity of cells to rupture, which results in softer pulp.…”

Improved Butler–Reeds–Dawson Algorithm for the Inversion of Two‐Dimensional NMR Relaxometry Data

“…The overlapped peaks existing in 1D NMR relaxometry can be distinguished easily in a suitable 2D spectrum. Recently, 2D NMR relaxometry has been widely used as a powerful tool for identifying and characterizing molecular dynamics, especially in materials consisting of many complex components [5][6][7].…”