Non-genetic factors associated with the risk of Parkinson�s disease in Iranian patients

Abstract

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate some of nongenetic factors associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a sample of Iranian patients. This case-control study included 75 patients with idiopathic PD and 75 control patients. The patients in the control group were found to have drunk more glasses of tea per day than the case group before the onset of their problem (p=0.019). Every extra glass of tea per day decreased the risk of PD by 0.8 times (OR=0.8, 95%CI=0.73-0.97, p=0.02). Each cup of coffee per week decreased the chance of developing PD by 0.5 times (OR=0.5, 95%CI=0.28-0.9, p=0.021). A previous history of evening work increased PD risk by 4.6 times (OR=4.6, 95%CI=1.29-16.86, p=0.019) while major stressful events increased it by 13.5 times (OR=13.5, 95%CI=4.7-38.1, p=0.0001). In conclusion, coffee and tea consumption may exert a protective effect against PD, while evening work and stress may be risk factors for the development of the disease.

A Comprehensive Overview of the Risks and Benefits of Coffee Consumption

“…Overall, coffee has been shown to be beneficially associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease (Ross and others ; Tan and others ; Hosseini Tabatabaei and others ; van der Mark and others ), with a dose–response protective relationship apparent (Tan and others ), but possibly only in males (Savica and others ; Ascherio and others ) and female non‐HRT users (Ascherio and others ; Ascherio and others Mar ). Additive effects were also apparent with preceding diabetes (D'Amelio and others ) and smoking (Grandinetti and others ; Powers and others ).…”

The Adenosinergic System

“…A total of 37 epidemiological studies met criteria for inclusion in this updated systematic review, including 11 cohort (Ascherio et al , 2004Fink et al 2001;Hu et al 2007;Kyrozis et al 2013;Liu et al 2012;Saaksjarvi et al 2008;Tan et al 2007b), 3 nested case-control (Paganini-Hill 2001;Skeie et al 2010;Wirdefeldt et al 2005), 22 case-control Evans et al 2006;Facheris et al 2008;Fall et al 1999;Haack et al 1981;Hancock et al 2007;Hellenbrand et al 1996;Hosseini Tabatabaei et al 2013;Jiméanez Jiméanez et al 1992;Macleod and Counsell 2013;Morano et al 1994;Nefzger et al 1968;Nicoletti et al 2010;Pereira and Garrett 2010;Powers et al 2008;Preux et al 2000;Ragonese et al 2003;Sipetic et al 2011;Tan et al 2003Tan et al , 2007aTanaka et al 2011) and 1 cross-sectional study (Louis et al 2003). The main characteristics of the studies are summarized in Table 12.1 and Fig.…”