Non-Invasive and Less Degradative Ways of Insulin Administration

Abstract

Protein and peptide delivery systems attract great attention nowadays. They play crucial role in several diseases, but their way of administration has some disadvantages that makes patients dissatisfied. In this study, we choose insulin as a peptide that is used for type I and type II diabetic patients, but injection way of its usage is not suitable in diabetes as a chronic remedy. Although oral way is a needle-free one, but its bioavailability through that would be decreased because of degradation in gastro-intestine and consequently, further dosage should be used to get the desired hypoglycemic effect. Administration of insulin through non-parenteral and less enzymatic pathways, such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, colon and vaginal routes, is new that attracts researchers’ attention considerably. Although the bioavailability of insulin may be lower than the current injection way, but it may be improved by some strategies like the use of permeation enhancers. There are also some limitations in each way, but propagation of them would result in improvement of patients’ quality of life and may cause some economic profits. The objective of this review was to introduce the convenient ways for long term insulin administration with few enzymatic barriers.

Carrier‐Based Systems as Strategies for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: A Mini‐Review

“…Administration of peptides and protein by injection routes can often cause some problems like pain. Also, therapeutic peptides and proteins are quickly eliminated from the blood flow, which makes it necessary to repeated doses of drugs, thus poorly tolerated by some patients (Allahyari and Javadzadeh 2019;Cacciatore et al 2016;Ibraheem et al 2014). For patients, injection routes are painful, and they are often costly and can cause harmful and unwanted adverse effects.…”

“…For patients, injection routes are painful, and they are often costly and can cause harmful and unwanted adverse effects. As a result, studies have concentrated their attention on developing more effective, safer, and simpler alternative routes for their delivery, leading to the development of noninvasive protein drug delivery systems (Allahyari and Javadzadeh 2019;Ibraheem et al 2014;Zaric et al 2019). For both local and systemic effects, nasal peptides and protein delivery can be used.…”

“…The ocular administration of protein drugs protects them by avoiding the first-pass metabolism. First-pass metabolism is one cause of low bioavailability of peptides and proteins when administered by the oral route (Allahyari and Javadzadeh 2019;Cao et al 2019;Gedawy et al 2018;Ibraheem et al 2014;Mandal et al 2018). However, some reasons limit ocular peptides and protein administration, including poor bioavailability due to low permeability of peptides and protein through eye membrane and enzymes in the ocular tissue.…”

“…However, some reasons limit ocular peptides and protein administration, including poor bioavailability due to low permeability of peptides and protein through eye membrane and enzymes in the ocular tissue. The ocular route, therefore, is not the optimal route for systemic peptides and protein delivery (Allahyari and Javadzadeh 2019;Mandal et al 2018). Although oral bioavailability of protein drugs is limited, the oral administration of protein remains an interesting and attractive alternative to conventional parenteral protein delivery, as it is a painless and much easier administration route (Allahyari and Javadzadeh 2019;Cao et al 2019;Gedawy et al 2018).…”