Non-invasive photo acoustic approach for human bone diagnosis

Abstract

The existing modalities of bone diagnosis including X-ray and ultrasound may cite drawback in some cases related to health issues and penetration depth, while the ultrasound modality may lack image quality. Photo acoustic approach however, provides light energy to the acoustic wave, enabling it to activate and respond according to the propagating media (which is type of bones in this case). At the same time, a differential temperature change may result in the bio heat response, resulting from the heat absorbed across the multiple materials under study. In this work, we have demonstrated the features of using photo acoustic modality in order to non-invasively diagnose the type of human bones based on their electrical, thermal, and acoustic properties that differentiate the output response of each type. COMSOL software was utilized to combine both acoustic equations and bio heat equations, in order to study both the thermal and acoustic responses through which the differential diagnosis can be obtained. In this study, we solved both the acoustic equation and bio heat equations for four types of bones, bone (cancellous), bone (cortical), bone marrow (red), and bone marrow (yellow). 1 MHz acoustic source frequency was chosen and 10(5) W/m(2) power source was used in the simulation. The simulation tested the dynamic response of the wave over a distance of 5 cm from each side for the source. Near 2.4 cm was detected from simulation from each side of the source with a temperature change of within 0.5 K for various types of bones, citing a promising technique for a practical model to detect the type of bones via the differential temperature as well as the acoustic was response via the multiple materials associated with the human bones (skin and blood). The simulation results suggest that the PA technique may be applied to non-invasive diagnosis for the different types of bones, including cancerous bones. A practical model for detecting both the temperature change via IR sensors, and acoustic wave signals may be detected via sensitive pressure transducer, which is reserved for future realization.

Photoacoustic imaging of a human vertebra: implications for guiding spinal fusion surgeries

“…In the more specific context of bone imaging, photoacoustic imaging has demonstrated potential to non-invasively diagnose different types of bones, including cancerous bones (Thella et al 2016). In addition, photoacoustic technology previously proved to be sensitive to minor variations of the cortical bone density (Lashkari & Mandelis 2014).…”

Dynamic thermal/acoustic response for human bone materials at different energy levels: A diagnosis approach

“…The control parameters in these modalities are important in the non-invasive approaches. 10,11 This may include the frequency, penetration depth, the incident power the output temperatures, etc. The penetration depth should be long enough to enable the power transmission via the human materials such as bones, skin, blood, etc.…”

Review of Photoacoustic Imaging for Imaging-Guided Spinal Surgery

“…Thella et al [46] demonstrated that photoacoustic imaging shows potential for the noninvasive diagnosis of various bone types, including bones containing cancer. In addition, photoacoustic technology has been found to be sensitive to minor variations in cortical bone density [47].…”