Non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanofiber composites in the presence of CO2

Ding, WeiDan; Chu, Raymond; Mark, Lun Howe; Park, Chul; Sain, Mohini

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.054

Cited by 55 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…However, several property deficiencies in PLA have restricted its use in many packaging applications—primarily a low percentage of crystallinity and slow rate of crystallization. Nucleating agents like talc, nanocrystalline cellulose, hydrazine, PDLA, and other molecules have been used for increasing the crystallization rate and percent crystallinity of neat PLA [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Modified Thermoplastic Starch on Crystallization Kinetics and Barrier Properties of PLA

Kulkarni

Narayan

2021

Polymers

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This study reports on using reactive extrusion (REX) modified thermoplastic starch particles as a bio-based and biodegradable nucleating agent to increase the rate of crystallization, percent crystallinity and improve oxygen barrier properties while maintaining the biodegradability of PLA. Reactive blends of maleated thermoplastic starch (MTPS) and PLA were prepared using a ZSK-30 twin-screw extruder; 80% glycerol was grafted on the starch during the preparation of MTPS as determined by soxhlet extraction with acetone. The crystallinity of PLA was found to increase from 7.7% to 28.6% with 5% MTPS. The crystallization temperature of PLA reduced from 113 °C to 103 °C. Avrami analysis of the blends showed that the crystallization rate increased 98-fold and t1/2 was reduced drastically from 20 min to <1 min with the addition of 5% MTPS compared to neat PLA. Observation from POM confirmed that the presence of MTPS in the PLA matrix significantly increased the rate of formation and density of spherulites. Oxygen and water vapor permeabilities of the solvent-casted PLA/MTPS films were reduced by 33 and 19% respectively over neat PLA without causing any detrimental impacts on the mechanical properties (α = 0.05). The addition of MTPS to PLA did not impact the biodegradation of PLA in an aqueous environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Modified Thermoplastic Starch on Crystallization Kinetics and Barrier Properties of PLA

Kulkarni

Narayan

2021

Polymers

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“…Meanwhile, the sizes of cells and cell distribution are difficult to control during the foaming expansion process. Various research efforts have been made to overcome those drawbacks ranging from compounding with different types of additives such as cellulose fibers and chain extender [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], blending with other polymers having a higher crystallization rate [ 27 ], to controlling the gas content [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Polylactide (PLA) Stereocomplexation on the Microstructure of PLA/PBS Blends and the Cell Morphology of Their Microcellular Foams

et al. 2020

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Polylactide foaming materials with promising biocompatibility balance the lightweight and mechanical properties well, and thus they can be desirable candidates for biological scaffolds used in tissue engineering. However, the cells are likely to coalesce and collapse during the foaming process of polylactide (PLA) due to its intrinsic low melt strength. This work introduces a unique PLA stereocomplexation into the microcellular foaming of poly (l-lactide)/poly (butylene succinate) (PLLA/PBS) based on supercritical carbon dioxide. The rheological properties of PLA/PBS with 5 wt% or 10 wt% poly (d-lactide) (PDLA) present enhanced melt strength owing to the formation of PLA stereocomplex crystals (sc-PLA), which act as physical pseudo-cross-link points in the molten blends by virtue of the strong intermolecular interaction between PLLA and the added PDLA. Notably, the introduction of either PBS or PDLA into the PLLA matrix could enhance its crystallization, while introducing both in the blend triggers a decreasing trend in the PLA crystallinity, which it is believed occurs due to the constrained molecular chain mobility by formed sc-PLA. Nevertheless, the enhanced melt strength and decreased crystallinity of PLA/PBS/PDLA blends are favorable for the microcellular foaming behavior, which enhanced the cell stability and provided amorphous regions for gas adsorption and homogeneous nucleation of PLLA cells, respectively. Furthermore, although the microstructure of PLA/PBS presents immiscible sea-island morphology, the miscibility was improved while the PBS domains were also refined by the introduction of PDLA. Overall, with the addition of PDLA into PLA/10PBS blends, the microcellular average cell size decreased from 3.21 to 0.66 μm with highest cell density of 2.23 × 1010 cells cm−3 achieved, confirming a stable growth of cells was achieved and more cell nucleation sites were initiated on the heterogeneous interface.

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“…As a high‐potential alternative, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams as biodegradable polymer materials with good biocompatibility can be used for cushioning, food packaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering scaffolds, among others 3‐6 . However, the low melt strength and low crystallization rate of PLA negatively affect cell growth and cell uniformity, leading to cell coalescence and cell collapse 7‐9 . A method of obtaining PLA with an ideal microcellular structure by increasing the PLA melt strength has been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased expansion ratio, cell density, and compression strength of microcellular poly(lactic acid) foams via lignin graft poly(lactic acid) as a biobased nucleating agent

Zong

Chai

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Green and renewable foaming poly(lactic acid) (PLA) represents one of the promising developments in PLA materials. This study is the first to use the lignin graft PLA copolymer (LG‐g‐PLA) to improve the foamability of PLA as a biobased nucleating agent. This agent was synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization of lignin and lactide. The effects of LG‐g‐PLA on cell nucleation induced by the crystallization, rheological behavior, and foamability of PLA were evaluated. Results indicated that LG‐g‐PLA can improve the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLA, and play a significant nucleation role in the microcellular foam processing of PLA. LG‐g‐PLA improved the foam morphology of PLA, obtaining a reduced and uniform cell size as well as increased expansion ratio and cell density. With the addition of 3 wt% LG‐g‐PLA content, the PLA/LG‐g‐PLA foams increased the compressive strength 1.6 times than that of neat PLA foams. The improved foaming properties of PLA via a biobased nucleating agent show potential for the production and application of green biodegradable foams.

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Non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose nanofiber composites in the presence of CO2

Cited by 55 publications

References 103 publications

Effects of Modified Thermoplastic Starch on Crystallization Kinetics and Barrier Properties of PLA

Effects of Modified Thermoplastic Starch on Crystallization Kinetics and Barrier Properties of PLA

Influence of Polylactide (PLA) Stereocomplexation on the Microstructure of PLA/PBS Blends and the Cell Morphology of Their Microcellular Foams

Increased expansion ratio, cell density, and compression strength of microcellular poly(lactic acid) foams via lignin graft poly(lactic acid) as a biobased nucleating agent

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