“…This method is thus recommended when observers intent to sample specific behaviors performed by each individual in a group (e.g., courtship ritual, parent/offspring conflict, female choice). Brodt et al (2013), for example, used focal animal sampling to determine the dominance hierarchy of one lekking bird species. While, Anciães and Prum (2008) used focal animal sampling to study whether display behavior of some bird species changes with temporal changes in light conditions.…”