Non-linear response of wet deposition to emissions reduction: A model study

Misra, P. K.; Bloxam, R.; Fung, C.S.; Wong, S.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(89)90015-2

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For the oxides of sulfur (SO x, SO2+sulfate ) and nitrogen (NO x, NO+NO2), efforts to estimate current emissions on a Total global emission estimates are limited in their utility since (1) the environmental issues associated with SOx and NO x are partly regional in scale because of the short atmospheric lifetime of these species, and (2) the relationships of emissions to environmental effects (atmospheric concentrations, impacts on ecological systems) are nonlinear [Liu et al, 1987;Misra et al, 1989]. Atmospheric models used to study the transport, transformation, and removal of sulfur and nitrogen species are increasingly becoming three dimensional in structure; examples of these models are given by Logan et al [1981], Seinfeld [1988], Berge [1990], Sillman et al [1990], Penner et al [1991], Benkovitz et al [1994], and Taylor and Penner [1994].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen

Benkovitz¹,

Scholtz²,

Pacyna³

et al. 1996

J. Geophys. Res.

508

321

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Two sets of global inventories of anthropogenic emissions of both oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen for circa 1985 have been produced under the umbrella of the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program. The two sets of inventories have different temporal, sectoral, and vertical resolution. Both were compiled using the same data sets; default data sets of global emissions have been refined via the use of more detailed regional data sets. This article reports on the compilation of the annual, one‐vertical‐level inventories, called version 1A; the inventory files are available to the scientific community via anonymous file transform protocol (FTP). Existing global inventories and regional inventories have been updated and combined on a 1° × 1° longitude/latitude grid. The resulting global anthropogenic emissions are 65 Tg S yr−1 and 21 Tg N yr−1; qualitative uncertainty estimates have been assigned on a regional basis. Emissions of both SOx and NOx are strongly localized in the highly populated and industrialized areas of eastern North America and across Europe; other smaller regions of large emissions are associated with densely populated areas with developed industries or in connection with exploitation of fuels or mineral reserves. The molar ratio of nitrogen to sulfur emissions reflects the overall character of sources; its value is generally between 0.33 and 10 for industrialized and heavily populated areas but varies over a wide range for other areas. We suggest that those requiring sulfur or nitrogen emission inventories standardize on the GEIA inventories, which we believe are authoritative and which are freely available to all users by anonymous FTP.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen

Benkovitz¹,

Scholtz²,

Pacyna³

et al. 1996

J. Geophys. Res.

508

321

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“…Traditionally, strategies to control sulfate formation have been focused on the response of SO 4 2− to reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions [ Misra et al , 1989; Rolph et al , 1992; Mathur et al , 1992; Shin and Carmichael , 1992]. Much less attention has been devoted to assessing the effects on sulfate formation arising from changes in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), the chemical families largely responsible for the generation of the tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) and the oxidants needed to transform SO 2 to SO 4 2− .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical indicators of sulfate sensitivity to nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds

Stein¹

2002

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The formation of aerosol sulfate (SO 4 2À ) in eastern North America is chemically linked to the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) through oxidation of the gaseous precursor, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). The response of sulfate production to controls in NO x and VOC emissions depends, in part, on the resulting changes in oxidant levels and the competition that naturally exists between the gas-and aqueous-phase pathways for SO 2 oxidation. We propose the use of a combination of concentrations of nitric acid, particulate nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, and ambient sulfate as a nondimensional indicator of the effectiveness of VOC or NO x controls in decreasing SO 4 2À abundance. The concentrations of these indicator species were calculated from a series of photochemical model simulations with varying rates of NO x and VOC emissions using a three-dimensional Eulerian model (MODELS-3) that covers the northeastern United States. This study shows that ambient sulfate concentrations are likely to decrease more effectively as VOC emissions are reduced, when the nondimensional indicator is less than a certain threshold. However, a higher value of the indicator identifies a regime in which NO x emissions reductions are more effective for reducing sulfate than are VOC emissions. In addition, a description of the sulfate-formation pathways, along with a theoretical analysis of the transition between NO x -and VOC-sensitive regimes, provides a strong rationale for the use of the sulfate sensitivity indicator.

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“…Cause-and-effect relationships between chemical contaminants and liver lesions have been inferred from field surveys (11) and further substantiated by long-term laboratory studies (12).…”

Section: Emission Reduction Studiesmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…However, there are some results for the eastern United States for similar meteorological conditions which enable some qualitative analysis. Misra et al (12,15), presented ADOM's sensitivity in two different emission reduction scenarios (50% SO, and 50% SO, and NO, reduction). The reduction in sulfate concentration in precipitation ranged from 30 to 43%, and more nonlinear responses were found near the large source areas and regions with heavy precipitation.…”

Section: Emission Reduction Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%