Non-mechanical beam scanner integrated VCSEL for solid state LiDAR

Shimura, Keisuke; Ho, Zeuku; Nakahama, Masanori; Gu, Xiaoxiong; Matsutani, Akihiro; Koyama, Fumio

doi:10.1109/cleopr.2017.8119084

2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR) 2017

DOI: 10.1109/cleopr.2017.8119084

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Non-mechanical beam scanner integrated VCSEL for solid state LiDAR

Keisuke Shimura

Zeuku Ho

Masanori Nakahama

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…As the supply chain for mass production matures, the massive application of VCSELs is expanding to autonomous driving 8 , computing 9 , virtual and augmented reality 10,11 , industrial fast heating 12 , esthetic medicine 13 , etc. Among them, LiDAR systems equipped with VCSEL array solid-state light sources are commercialized in autonomous-driving vehicles 14,15 .There are numerous performance metrics for high-resolution LiDAR light sources, such as power, power density, divergence angle, beam quality, beam parameter product, spectral width, brightness, spectral brightness, wavelength, temperature stability, pulse width, energy conversion efficiency, on-off speed, module size, and power per active area. Among them, brightness, defined in Eq.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Antireflective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for LiDAR

Zhang,

Li,

Liang

2024

Nat Commun

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Multijunction vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have gained popularity in automotive LiDARs, yet achieving a divergence of less than 16° (D86) is difficult for conventional extended cavity designs due to multiple-longitudinal-mode lasing. Our innovation, the antireflective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (AR-VCSEL), addresses this challenge by introducing an antireflective light reservoir, where the electric field intensity is substantially higher than the gain region. This reduces the required cavity length for minimal divergence, preserving the single-longitudinal-mode lasing. A 6-junction AR-VCSEL array showcases a halved divergence and tripled brightness compared to its conventional counterpart. Various multijunction AR-VCSEL array designs achieve a divergence range of 8° to 16° (D86). Notably, a 7 μm AR-VCSEL emitter achieves 28.4 mW in single transverse mode lasing. AR-VCSEL stands out among semiconductor lasers, offering a well-balanced power density and brightness, making it a cost-effective solution for long-distance LiDARs. The antireflective cavity concept may inspire diverse applications in photonic devices beyond LiDARs.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Antireflective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for LiDAR

Zhang,

Li,

Liang

2024

Nat Commun

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“…Similarly full-field optical coherence tomography relied on sample stage movement, or mechanical mirror steering to scan a sample. Recent advances have moved to simple integrated beam scanning techniques, including MEMS mirrors [1,2], optical phase arrays [3][4][5], and VCSELs [6,7]. Other major approaches include liquid crystal electro-optic scanners [8-10], electro-optic beam deflectors [11][12][13], and spectral scanning [14][15][16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Fast electro-optic switching for coherent laser ranging and velocimetry

Haylock

Baker

Stace

et al. 2019

Applied Physics Letters

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The growth of 3D imaging across a range of sectors has driven a demand for high performance beam steering techniques. Fields as diverse as autonomous vehicles and medical imaging can benefit from a high speed, adaptable method of beam steering. We present a monolithic, sub-microsecond electro-optic switch as a solution satisfying the need for reliability, speed, dynamic addressability and compactness. Here we demonstrate a laboratory-scale, solidstate lidar pointing system, using the electro-optic switch to launch modulated coherent light into free space, and then to collect the reflected signal. We use coherent detection of the reflected light to simultaneously extract the range and axial velocity of targets at each of several electronically addressable output ports.Optical scanners, capable of high-speed optical beam pointing are essential for many imaging techniques, including lidar and medical imaging applications. The first commercial demonstrations of multi-pixel lidar sensors relied on mechanical spinning mirrors, which are cumbersome and lack dynamic addressability. Similarly full-field optical coherence tomography relied on sample stage movement, or mechanical mirror steering to scan a sample. Recent advances have moved to simple integrated beam scanning techniques, including MEMS mirrors [1,2], optical phase arrays [3][4][5], and VCSELs [6,7]. Other major approaches include liquid crystal electro-optic scanners [8-10], electro-optic beam deflectors [11][12][13], and spectral scanning [14][15][16]. These new beam scanning techniques have allowed improved sensing performance by increasing the size and refresh rate of the generated point cloud. Most of these beam scanning technologies still limit the point cloud size and refresh rate due to speed limitations, with the notable exception of indium phosphide optical phase arrays, who have angle sweep rates of > 10 ∘ / , [17].An alternative approach to spatial beam manipulation is to use a device with distinct separate spatial output modes to perform a discrete 'point-by-point' scan rather than a continuous sweep. A reconfigurable waveguide network can perform such a discrete scan. This approach ensures high speed, side-lobe-free, single mode, and single wavelength beam steering with the field of view and resolution set instead by the output optics. Such discrete scanning has previously been demonstrated with a silicon photonic integrated circuit, where the output channel is controlled thermally [18]. Here, we demonstrate a fibre-to-

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Toward the Realization of Stamp-Size LiDAR

Baba

2020

rle

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Non-mechanical beam scanner integrated VCSEL for solid state LiDAR

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Antireflective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for LiDAR

Antireflective vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for LiDAR

Fast electro-optic switching for coherent laser ranging and velocimetry

Toward the Realization of Stamp-Size LiDAR

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