Non-metallic inclusions in steel Part V, R. Kiessling

Pickering, F. B.

doi:10.1179/095066090790324055

Cited by 11 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…For more than half a century, non-metallic inclusions have been associated with the general problems of fatigue failure in steels. [2][3][4] Particularly, in the VHCF regime, the inclusions play a crucial role in fatigue failure of high strength steels. 5,6 Conventionally, the fatigue design of structural components is based upon the data in the high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime (about 10 5 -10 7 cycles).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the inclusion size, shape, quantity, distribution and composition. [2][3][4]18,19 Before mid-1980s, the increased knowledge of the oxide and sulphide inclusions meant that it was possible to gradually decrease the O and S levels of most steels. Now it is possible to make steels with as low as 1-10 ppm of both these elements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is often a question of cost how far this process should be taken. 19 However, every ton of steel made with as low as 1 ppm of O and S still holds 10 9 -10 12 inclusions. In other words, about 10-10 4 inclusions exist in a cubic millimetre, of course most of which are small inclusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This arises from (1) the differential thermal contraction of inclusions and matrix during cooling and (2) the concentration of remote applied stresses due to elastic constant differences between the matrix and the inclusions. 4 The difference of the deformability between inclusion and surrounding matrix will stimulate the crack initiation. The qualitative effects of inclusions on the mechanical properties of steel as well as on failures in steel processing and in service are known in outline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of inclusions on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels

2012

International Materials Reviews

151

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The effect of inclusion size on fatigue behaviour of high strength steels in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime (.10 7 -10 9 cycles) is reviewed. Internal fatigue fractures of high strength steels in the VHCF regime initiate mostly at non-metallic inclusions. The critical inclusion size below which it is hard to initiate fatigue cracking of high strength steels in the VHCF regime is found to be about half the critical value characteristic of the high cycle fatigue (HCF) regime (about 10 5 -10 7 cycles). A stepwise or duplex S-N curve is observed in the VHCF regime. The shape and form of the S-N curves are affected by inclusion size and other factors including surface condition, residual stress, environment and loading modes. Fatigue strength and fatigue life for high strength steels have been found to obey inverse power laws with respect to inclusion size D of the form s w !D 2n1 and N f !D 2n2 respectively. For fatigue strength, the exponent n 1 has been reported to be y0?33 in the literature for the HCF regime and, more recently, to fall in the range 0?17-0?19 for the VHCF regime. For fatigue life, the exponent n 2 is reported to be y3 in the HCF regime, and in the range 4?29-8?42 in the VHCF regime. A special area was often observed inside a 'fish eye' mark in the vicinity of a non-metallic inclusion acting as the fracture origin for specimens having a long fatigue life. The major mechanisms of formation for this special area are discussed. To estimate the fatigue strength and fatigue life, it is necessary to know the size of the maximum inclusion in a tested specimen, and to be able to infer this value using data from a small volume of steel. The statistics of extreme value (SEV) method and the generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) method are introduced and compared. Finally, unresolved problems and future work required in studying the VHCF of high strength steels are briefly presented.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of inclusions on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels

2012

International Materials Reviews

151

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“…If the concentrated stress was huge enough, inclusions can be deformed or crushed. (3) From the classical study of Kiessling,[26] 5) From the study of Kiessling, [26] it is also known that iron oxide is more deformable than Al 2 O 3 and CaO-Al 2 O 3 , which means that stress at iron oxide and steel interface would be smaller. As a result, when iron oxides caused sand-holes, the battery cups were free of tears and concavities.…”

Section: Initiations Of Sand-holes By Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Control of Inclusions to Prevent “Sand-Hole” Surface Defects in Deep Cold-Drawn Battery Cups for Electrical Vehicles

et al. 2023

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The present work was conducted to elucidate the influence of inclusionson surface quality of deep cold-drawn battery cups for electrical cars. The obtained results revealed that, to prevent the surface defects of sand-holes in battery cups in deep cold-drawing process, attentions should be paid to steelmaking and casting process for optimal control of inclusions. Because sand-holes were often caused by large Al 2 O 3 clusters and CaO-Al 2 O 3 particles. Most important, a worthy finding was that these inclusions were not safe when they were over 100 μm and bigger than 27 μm, respectively, which was important for process optimization. By reducing (FeO) contents in ladle slag and tundish covering flux to about 5% or lower, together with optimal fluid flow of molten steel in tundish, such large inclusions can be well decreased to prevent the occurrences of sand-holes in battery cups in industrial production.

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Effect of δ-ferrite, lead and sulphur on hot workability of austenitic stainless steels with solidification structure

Tehovnik

Vodopivec

Celin

et al. 2011

Materials Science and Technology

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Non-metallic inclusions in steel Part V, R. Kiessling

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of inclusions on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels

Effects of inclusions on very high cycle fatigue properties of high strength steels

Optimal Control of Inclusions to Prevent “Sand-Hole” Surface Defects in Deep Cold-Drawn Battery Cups for Electrical Vehicles

Effect of δ-ferrite, lead and sulphur on hot workability of austenitic stainless steels with solidification structure

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