Non-specific activities of the major herbicide-resistance gene BAR

Christ, Bastien; Hochstrasser, Ramon; Guyer, Luzia; Francisco, Rita de Brito; Aubry, Sylvain; Hörtensteiner, Stefan; Weng, Jing-Ke

doi:10.1038/s41477-017-0061-1

Cited by 37 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…It was shown that glufosinate from the practical and economic points of view turned out to be the best for the control of glyphosate-tolerant weeds in citrus orchards [58]. However, the study of the metabolome in several PPT-tolerant transgenic cultures demonstrated increased accumulation of acetylamino adipate and acetyl tryptophan, which indicated non-specific activity of the bar gene [59]. Perhaps, a more detailed study of the PPT effect on control and transgenic plants would make it possible to clarify the mechanisms of its action and to develop new methods of protection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Phosphinothricin on Transgenic Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) Containing bar or GS1 Genes

Lebedev

Krutovsky

Shestibratov

2019

Forests

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Weeds are a big problem in agriculture and forestry, and herbicides are the main tools to control them. Phosphinotricin (ammonium glufosinate, PPT) is one of the most effective non-selective herbicides, to which weeds hardly gain resistance, but the reasons for its effect and toxicity to plants are still unclear, and especially, it is little studied in trees, including transgenic ones. We studied the physiological responses of downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) containing the herbicide resistance bar gene or the cytosol glutamine synthetase GS1 gene (the target enzyme of the herbicide) to PPT-based Basta herbicide treatment in various doses under open-air conditions during two years. Birch saplings with the bar gene were resistant to a double field dose (10 L/ha), but the expression of the GS1 gene only slightly increased resistance compared to the control. Herbicide treatment increased the ammonium level in leaf tissue by 3–8 times, but this, apparently, was not the main cause of plant death. Among leaf pigments, chlorophyll B was the most resistant to PPT, and carotenoids were the most sensitive. Responses of birch trees with the GS1 gene (accumulation of ammonium, pigment content, and dehydration) during treatment with a low dose of herbicide were less pronounced than in control plants. One-year-old control and transgenic plants with the GS gene died after 2.5 L/ha treatment, and two-year-old plants lost foliage after such treatment but remained alive and developed buds four weeks after treatment. Herbicide treatment of plants with the bar gene did not cause significant deviations in height (first year) or the accumulation of aboveground biomass (second year). The obtained results improve our understanding of the effect of PPT on woody plants and can be used both to clarify mechanisms of herbicide action and in plantation forestry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Phosphinothricin on Transgenic Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) Containing bar or GS1 Genes

Lebedev

Krutovsky

Shestibratov

2019

Forests

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“…In this study, by integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, we revealed that there were only one gene and eight metabolites differentially expressed in MhSnf7 GM maize. According to the report by Christ et al (2017), transgenic BAR indeed converts plant endogenous aminoadipate and tryptophan to their respective N-acetylated products in several plant species. Our metabolomics data (Table S1) identified 172 compounds with known identity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negligible transcriptome and metabolome alterations in RNAi insecticidal maize against Monolepta hieroglyphica

Zhang¹,

Zhang²,

Liang

et al. 2020

Plant Cell Rep

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Key message RNAi-based genetically modified maize resistant to Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) was demonstrated with negligible transcriptome and metabolome alterations compared to its unmodified equivalent. Abstract As one of the most prevalent insect pests afflicting various crops, Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky) causes severe loss of agricultural and economic productivity for many years in China. In an effort to reduce damages, in this study, an RNA interference (RNAi)-based genetically modified (GM) maize was developed. It was engineered to produce MhSnf7 double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), which can suppress the Snf7 gene expression and then lead M. hieroglyphica to death. Field trail analysis confirmed the robustly insecticidal ability of the MhSnf7 GM maize to resist damages by M. hieroglyphica. RNA sequencing analysis identified that only one gene was differentially expressed in the MhSnf7 GM maize compared to non-GM maize, indicating that the transcriptome in MhSnf7 GM maize is principally unaffected by the introduction of the MhSnf7 dsRNA expression vector. Likewise, metabolomics analysis identified that only 8 out of 5787 metabolites were significantly changed. Hence, the integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics demonstrates that there are negligible differences between MhSnf7 GM maize and its unmodified equivalent. This study not only presents a comprehensive assessment of cellular alteration in terms of gene transcription and metabolite abundance in RNAi-based GM maize, but also could be used as a reference for evaluating the unintended effect of GM crops.

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“…Other studies have demonstrated considerable metabolic consequences of genetic alterations in potato (Shepherd et al ., ) and wheat (Baker et al ., ), however. Moreover, a recent study using metabolomics revealed that even the commonly used bialaphos resistance gene ( BAR ) for transgene selection has effects on amino acid levels in a range of species as a result of enzyme promiscuity (Christ et al ., ). A further study looking at substantial equivalence in tomatoes revealed that the majority of the transgenics exhibited only small changes in metabolomics yet displayed reproducible transformation‐related metabolic signatures.…”

Section: Metabolomicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metabolomics should be deployed in the identification and characterization of gene‐edited crops

et al. 2020

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Gene-editing techniques are currently revolutionizing biology, allowing far greater precision than previous mutagenic and transgenic approaches. They are becoming applicable to a wide range of plant species and biological processes. Gene editing can rapidly improve a range of crop traits, including disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, nutritional quality and additional consumer traits. Unlike transgenic approaches, however, it is not facile to forensically detect gene-editing events at the molecular level, as no foreign DNA exists in the elite line. These limitations in molecular detection approaches are likely to focus more attention on the products generated from the technology than on the process in itself. Rapid advances in sequencing and genome assembly increasingly facilitate genome sequencing as a means of characterizing new varieties generated by gene-editing techniques. Nevertheless, subtle edits such as single base changes or small deletions may be difficult to distinguish from normal variation within a genotype. Given these emerging scenarios, downstream 'omics' technologies reflective of edited affects, such as metabolomics, need to be used in a more prominent manner to fully assess compositional changes in novel foodstuffs. To achieve this goal, metabolomics or 'non-targeted metabolite analysis' needs to make significant advances to deliver greater representation across the metabolome. With the emergence of new edited crop varieties, we advocate: (i) concerted efforts in the advancement of 'omics' technologies, such as metabolomics, and (ii) an effort to redress the use of the technology in the regulatory assessment for metabolically engineered biotech crops.

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Non-specific activities of the major herbicide-resistance gene BAR

Cited by 37 publications

References 49 publications

Effect of Phosphinothricin on Transgenic Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) Containing bar or GS1 Genes

Effect of Phosphinothricin on Transgenic Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) Containing bar or GS1 Genes

Negligible transcriptome and metabolome alterations in RNAi insecticidal maize against Monolepta hieroglyphica

Metabolomics should be deployed in the identification and characterization of gene‐edited crops

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