Non-steady state nucleation process in KDP solutions in the presence of XO4 impurities

Nucleation studies in supersaturated aqueous solutions of (NH4)H2PO4 doped with (NH4)2C2O4·H2O

“…The value of z decreases and hence the nucleation rate increases as the supersaturated concentration of the aqueous solution increases. This is similar to the results obtained by previous workers for their systems (Joshi and Antony 1979;Nagalingam et al 1980Nagalingam et al , 1981Shanmugham et al 1984Shanmugham et al , 1985Backiyam et al 1991).…”

“…For all the XO 4 impurities, it was found that the presence of impurity in the KDP solution decreased the induction period. The increase in the concentration of impurity further decreased the induction time (Shanmugham et al 1985). The effects of soluble impurities may be caused by changing the equilibrium solubility or the solution structure, by adsorption or chemisorption on nuclei or heteronuclei, by chemical reaction or complex formation in the solution, and so on.…”

Nucleation Kinetics of L-Arginine, L-Lysine and L-Alanine Doped Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals

“…Equation (1) Whereas, the linear nature observed above 1.3 supersaturation was used to calculate various nucleation parame ters [12]. The similar results were obtained by Shanmugham [12,13]. Moreover, the condensation of water nuclei from vapour in the presence of soluble salts like ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride exhibited similar results [17].…”

“…It was found that the selected soluble impurities such as K 2 CO 3 , K 2 PO 4 , K 2 C 2 O 4 , Na 2 B 4 O 7 and K 2 CrO 4 were responsible to enhance the nucleation rate of KDP crystals. More on, Shanmugham et al [13] also reported nonsteady state nucleation process in KDP solution in the presence of XO4 impurities. Based on the probabilistic approach compared to the nucleation process, the steady state nucleation rate was inversely related to the induction period of the non-steady state time lag, the time of formation of first nucleation.…”

Synthesis, growth and electrical characterization of l-tartaric acid–nicotinamide (LTN) single crystals

“…For many substances, as the temperature increases more and more defects are produced which, in turn, increase the conductivity [32]. The defect concentration will increase exponentially, with temperature and consequently the electrical conduction also increases [33]. The intrinsic defects caused by the thermal fluctuation in a crystal determine the conductivity of the crystal at high temperature [34].Torres et al [35] have explained the conduction mechanism in tartrate crystals by the rotation of the tartrate ions.…”