Non‐stereoscopic cues in the Random‐Dot E stereotest: results for adult observers*

Fricke, Tim; Siderov, John

doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.1997.96000713.x

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Clinical stereopsis tests include the Randot, TNO, Frisby, and Titmus tests 39 . The McGill modified random dot stereogram test used here is close in approach to the Randot (a vectograph random dot stereotest utilising polarising lenses) and TNO (a random dot anaglyph utilising red green lenses) tests, except that the disparate stimuli are presented in different time intervals and shutter goggles are used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis

Atchison

Lee

et al. 2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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KL. Effects of simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40: 323-332. https://doi.Author contributions: All authors certify that they have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for the content, including participation in the concept, design, analysis and writing or revision of the manuscript. AbstractPurpose: Stereopsis depends on horizontally disparate retinal images but otherwise concordance between eyes. Here we investigate the effect of spherical and meridional simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis thresholds. The aims were to determine effects of meridian, magnitude and the relative effects of the two conditions. Methods: Ten participants with normal binocular vision viewed McGill modified random dot stereograms through synchronised shutter glasses. Stereoacuities were determined using a four-alternative forced-choice procedure. To induce anisometropia, trial lenses of varying power and axes were placed in front of right eyes. Seventeen combinations were used: zero (no lens) and both positive and negative, 1 and 2 D powers, at 45, 90 and 180 axes; spherical lenses were also tested. To induce aniseikonia 17 magnification power and axis combinations were used. This included zero (no lens), and 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% at axes 45, 90 and 180; overall magnifications were also tested. Results: For induced anisometropia, stereopsis loss increased as cylindrical axis rotated from 180°to 90°, at which the loss was similar to that for spherical blur. For example, for 2 D meridional anisometropia threshold increased from 1.53 log sec arc (i.e. 34 sec arc) for x 180 to 1.89 log sec arc (78 sec arc) for x 90. Anisometropia induced with either positive or negative lenses had similar detrimental effects on stereopsis. Unlike anisometropia, the stereopsis loss with induced meridional aniseikonia was not affected by axis and was about 64% of that for overall aniseikonia of the same amount. Approximately, each 1 D of induced anisometropia had the same effect on threshold as did each 6% of induced aniseikonia. Conclusion: The axes of meridional anisometropia but not aniseikonia affected stereopsis. This suggests differences in the way that monocular blur (anisometropia) and interocular shape differences (aniseikonia) are processed during the production of stereopsis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis

Atchison

Lee

et al. 2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…However, 94% of observers could pass the RDE test monocularly with one eye or the other. 125 This value is significantly above the chance level of 4.5% for the specific testing procedure they used, clearly demonstrating the presence of monocular cues (binomial test with n = 17, p = 0).…”

Section: Random Dot E Testmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…This strategy was first applied with the Random Dot E (RDE; https://www.stereooptical.com/products/stereotests-color-tests/random-dot-e/), in which the letter E is concealed in one of two plates. However, 94% of observers could pass the RDE test monocularly with one eye or the other . This value is significantly above the chance level of 4.5% for the specific testing procedure they used, clearly demonstrating the presence of monocular cues (binomial test with n = 17, p = 0).…”

Section: Clinical Stereotestsmentioning

confidence: 84%

The prevalence and diagnosis of ‘stereoblindness’ in adults less than 60 years of age: a best evidence synthesis

Chopin

Bavelier

Levi

2019

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose: Stereoscopic vision (or stereopsis) is the ability to perceive depth from binocular disparity -the difference of viewpoints between the two eyes. Interestingly, there are large individual differences as to how well one can appreciate depth from such a cue. The total absence of stereoscopic vision, called 'stereoblindness', has been associated with negative behavioural outcomes such as poor distance estimation. Surprisingly, the prevalence of stereoblindness remains unclear, as it appears highly dependent on the way in which stereopsis is measured. Recent findings: This review highlights the fact that stereopsis is not a unitary construct, but rather implies different systems. The optimal conditions for measuring these varieties of stereoscopic information processing are discussed given the goal of detecting stereoblindness, using either psychophysical or clinical stereotests. In that light, we then discuss the estimates of stereoblindness prevalence of past studies. Summary: We identify four different approaches that all converge toward a prevalence of stereoblindness of 7% (median approach: 7%; unambiguous-stereoblindness-criteria approach: 7%; visual-defect-included approach: 7%; multiple-criteria approach: 7%). We note that these estimates were derived considering adults of age <60 years old. Older adults may have a higher prevalence. Finally, we make recommendations for a new ecological definition of stereoblindness and for efficient clinical methods for determining stereoblindness by adapting existing tools. 66Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics ISSN 0275-5408 Convergent vs divergent disparity systemsThere is an ongoing debate between two views on the processing of convergent (or crossed/near) and divergent (or uncrossed/far) disparities. According to the first view, each

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“…This may indicate that there are monocular clues to the so‐called “stereoscopic” images. Monocular clues have also been reported in stereo tests based on the random dot‐technique (Charman & Jennings 1995, Fricke & Siderov 1997). Patients who have had previous contact with eye clinics have memorized the images on the Lang II card from earlier contacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Screening for amblyopia and strabismus with the Lang II stereo card

Ohlsson

Villarreal

Sjöström

et al. 2002

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Lang II stereo card as a screening test for amblyopia and/or strabismus. Methods: A total of 1046 children aged 12-13 years were examined in a field study in the Göteborg area, Sweden. In addition to the Lang II stereo card, the examination included visual acuity, cover testing, cycloplegic refraction, and inspection of the optical media and posterior pole. Results: If every incorrect subject response was considered a reason for referral, the Lang II test would have correctly identified 82% (23 subjects) of the 28 children with manifest strabismus and 38% (11 subjects) of the 29 children with amblyopia. The test failed to refer 45% (21 subjects). Of all subjects referred, 44 (63%) were found to be ophthalmologically normal. Conclusions: The Lang II stereo card is neither a reliable nor an efficient method of screening for amblyopia and/or strabismus.

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Non‐stereoscopic cues in the Random‐Dot E stereotest: results for adult observers*

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis

Effects of simulated anisometropia and aniseikonia on stereopsis

The prevalence and diagnosis of ‘stereoblindness’ in adults less than 60 years of age: a best evidence synthesis

Screening for amblyopia and strabismus with the Lang II stereo card

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