Non traditional risk factors of carotid atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using carotid ultrasound B-mode imaging

“…Several studies have shown a high prevalence of increased cIMT and carotid plaque in RA patients [39][40][41]. Studies have also demonstrated the significant association between these carotid atherosclerosis biomarkers and RA-specific markers of inflammation, such as ESR, CRP, and IL-6 [35][36][37][38]. Table 1 provides some of such studies that link both carotid atherosclerosis and RA, using two sets of biomarkers (i.e., image-based phenotypes and inflammatory biomarkers).…”

“…cIMT increases by 0.005 mm for every one-unit increase in ESR R2 Carotti (2007) [ 39 ] 80 (40 with RA and 40 controls) 59.95 ± 11.93 cIMT and CP from CCA TC, LDL-c, TG, BMI, RF, VAS, CRP RA vs. Non-RA: cIMT = 0.83 ± 0.23 vs. 0.86 ± 0.22 mm and CP prevalence = 25% vs. 12.5% Carotid atherosclerosis image-based phenotypes are significantly higher in RA patients than in the non-RA population R3 Kobayashi (2010) [ 40 ] 393 (195 with RA and 198 controls) 59.4 (RA) and 59.8 (controls) cIMT and CP from CCA and ICA-bulb HTN, BMI, DM, Smoking, FH, RA vs. Non-RA: IMT in ICA-bulb = 1.16 vs. 1.02 mm and OR for CP = 2.41, 95% CI 1.26-4.61 RA was associated with high severity of atherosclerosis in carotid ICA- bulb than with CCA R4 Ristić (2010) [ 93 ] 74 (42 with RA and 32 controls) 45.3 ± 10 (RA) and 45.2 ± 9.8 (controls) cIMT from CCA, bifurcation, and ICA Age, BMI, Smoking, RF, ESR, duration of RA therapy RA vs. Non-RA: cIMT CCA = 0.671 vs. 0.621, cIMT BIF = 0.889 vs. 0.804, cIMT ICA = 0.577 vs. 0.535 Carotid IMT in RA patients was higher in three artery segments (CCA, BIF, ICA) when compared to controls. Also, cIMT is negatively correlated with RA inflammation treatment R5 Kaseem (2011) [ 37 ] 30 43.59 ± 7.2 cIMT and cIMTmax CRP, ESR, IL-6 OR for carotid atherosclerosis: CRP = 1.90, ESR = 1.50, and IL-6 = 1.80, with p < 0.05 Inflammatory markers are significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis R6 Rincon (2015) [ 38 ] 487 58.2 cIMT ESR OR for cIMT progression using ESR = 1.12 ...…”

“…Another important observation from Table 1 is the significant association between carotid atherosclerotic biomarkers and RA-specific inflammatory markers, such as ESR, CRP, and IL-6 [ 37 , 97 ]. ESR is a relatively inexpensive measure of inflammation in RA patients—therefore, several studies have used ESR for CVD risk assessment [ 98 – 100 ].…”

“…The image-based phenotypes of carotid ultrasound, such as carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque, are considered surrogate markers of coronary artery disease and have been used for preventive CVD risk assessments in several studies [31][32][33][34]. These image-based phenotypes indicate the morphological variations in the atherosclerotic plaque and are associated with the inflammatory markers of RA [35][36][37][38]. Patients with RA have elevated cIMT and have more plaque area (PA) when compared with non-RA patients [39][40][41].…”

Evaluation of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Chronic Sinusitis patients

“…Bugüne kadar yapılmış birçok çalışmada, osteoartrit, romatoid artrit, psoriasis, lupus eritematozus gibi sistemik ve kronik enflamatuvar hastalıklarda subklinik aterosklerozun indikatörü KİMK'nin sağlıklı bireylere göre artmış olduğu ve bu hastalıkların artmış kardiyovasküler mortalite ve morbidite ile ilişkili olduğu bildirilmiştir. [12][13][14][15] Kronik sinüzit genelde tek başına tanı konulan bir hastalık değildir. Astım, allerji, polipoid hastalıklar, kistik fibrozis ve immün sistem hastalıklarıyla birliktelik göstermektedir.…”