Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Children: Microbiology, Epidemiology and Treatment

Haeusler, Gabrielle M; Curtis, Nigel

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4726-9_2

Cited by 65 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Eighteen percent of these children may have a positive stool culture 6 months after the initial infection. Therefore, routine follow-up stool cultures are not recommended after an uncomplicated NTS gastroenteritis in immunocompetent patients [47]. Younger age, symptomatic infection, treatment with antibiotics, and infection with a strain of Salmonella different than Salmonella Typhimurium were identified as factors associated with prolonged excretion [48].…”

Section: Asymptomatic Carriagementioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Infections in Childhood

Bula-Rudas

Rathore

Maraqa

2015

Advances in Pediatrics

124

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Section: Asymptomatic Carriagementioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Infections in Childhood

Bula-Rudas

Rathore

Maraqa

2015

Advances in Pediatrics

124

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“…almonella is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with an estimated global incidence of 93.8 million cases per year, including 155,000 deaths from diarrheal disease and 690,000 deaths from invasive disease (1,2). Illness due to nontyphoidal Salmonella strains is usually self-limiting, but symptoms can be severe.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory-Acquired Infection with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exposed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

et al. 2016

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Despite advances in laboratory design, professional training, and workplace biosafety guidelines, laboratory-acquired infections continue to occur. Effective tools are required to investigate cases and prevent future illness. Here, we demonstrate the value of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for the identification and source attribution of laboratory-acquired salmonellosis. Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with an estimated global incidence of 93.8 million cases per year, including 155,000 deaths from diarrheal disease and 690,000 deaths from invasive disease (1, 2). Illness due to nontyphoidal Salmonella strains is usually self-limiting, but symptoms can be severe. Invasive disease is less common but more frequently fatal (3). Most cases of Salmonella enterocolitis are food-borne. Contaminated eggs and poultry are common sources of infection, but outbreaks have also been triggered by meat, fruit, nuts and even bread (4,5). Approximately 15% of cases involve other routes of transmission, including contaminated water, direct person-to-person contact, and laboratory-acquired infections.The Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory (SDCL) is a public health laboratory that provides clinical diagnostic and microbiology services to the people of Saskatchewan, Canada. In 2011, a medical laboratory technologist from the SDCL became ill with enterocolitis. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was isolated and, although there was no record of a laboratory accident, occupational exposure was investigated as a possible source of illness. By pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the technologist's isolate was indistinguishable from ATCC 14028, a commercially available strain of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that is widely employed in clinical and educational settings. At the SDCL, a derivative of ATCC 14028, called SDCL 14028, is used for routine laboratory procedures, including quality control of Salmonella antisera and culture media. By PFGE, the XbaI profiles of SDCL 14028 and ATCC 14028 are identical. However, SDCL 14028 has a distinct BlnI profile (Fig. 1). Because in vitro passaging can result in mutations, archived aliquots of SDCL 14028 and a new aliquot purchased from the original supplier (Cedarlane, Ontario, Canada) were examined. All aliquots had the same variant BlnI profile (data not shown), indicating that the altered PFGE pattern was not an artifact of laboratory passaging. For SDCL 14028 to be the source of the technologist's infection, the strain would have had to revert to the wild type during the course of the clinical illness. Although theoretically possible, this was considered highly unlikely. As such, the initial investigation concluded that the infection was not acquired from a laboratory, and its source remained unknown.We have now revisited this case using a whole-genome sequencing approach. A review of the SDCL strain archive uncovered four clinical isolates (STM-A to STM-D) of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with ATCC 14028-like PFGE profiles (Table 1). STM-A is...

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“…Certainly, there are multiple animal reservoirs of NTS, including pet reptiles and amphibians, that may act as sources of human infection, particularly in children (25,26), and both epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis caused by S. Typhimurium is not uncommon in the United States (1). Asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella is also a potential outcome of infection, as has been documented in Sweden, although the exact prevalence of subclinical infection is not known (27,28). An alternative possibility is that the bactericidal antibodies detected in our study develop as a result of exposure to a cross-reactive LPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Antilipopolysaccharide Antibodies in Serum Bactericidal Activity against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Healthy Adults and Children in the United States

Trebicka

Jacob

Pirzai

et al. 2013

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Recent observations from Africa have rekindled interest in the role of serum bactericidal antibodies in protecting against systemic infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. To determine whether the findings are applicable to other populations, we analyzed serum samples collected from healthy individuals in the United States. We found that all but 1 of the 49 adult samples tested had robust bactericidal activity against S. Typhimurium in a standard in vitro assay. The activity was dependent on complement and could be reproduced by immunoglobulin G (IgG) purified from the sera. The bactericidal activity was inhibited by competition with soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from S. Typhimurium but not from Escherichia coli, consistent with recognition of a determinant in the O-antigen polysaccharide. Sera from healthy children aged 10 to 48 months also had bactericidal activity, although it was significantly less than in the adults, correlating with lower levels of LPS-specific IgM and IgG. The lone sample in our collection that lacked bactericidal activity was able to inhibit killing of S. Typhimurium by the other sera. The inhibition correlated with the presence of an LPS-specific IgM and was associated with decreased complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Our results indicate that healthy individuals can have circulating antibodies to LPS that either mediate or inhibit killing of S. Typhimurium. The findings contrast with the observations from Africa, which linked bactericidal activity to antibodies against an S. Typhimurium outer membrane protein and correlated the presence of inhibitory anti-LPS antibodies with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

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Non-typhoidal Salmonella in Children: Microbiology, Epidemiology and Treatment

Cited by 65 publications

References 83 publications

Salmonella Infections in Childhood

Salmonella Infections in Childhood

Laboratory-Acquired Infection with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Exposed by Whole-Genome Sequencing

Role of Antilipopolysaccharide Antibodies in Serum Bactericidal Activity against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Healthy Adults and Children in the United States

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