“…The calculation of the latter is usually the time-limiting factor. A wide spectrum of electronic structure methods has been combined with SH ranging from ab initio wavefunction methods (multireference configuration interaction (MRCI), 32 CI, 33 complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) 32,34,35 ), to density functional theory (DFT)-based methods (time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), [36][37][38] open-shell Kohn Sham 39,40 ), to semiempirical approaches such as self-consistent charge density functional tight binding (SCC-DFTB) [41][42][43][44][45][46] and time-dependent SCC-DFTB, 47,48 OM3, 49,50 AM1, 51,52 and Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) electronic Hamiltonians. 5,53 Whereas the ab initio methods are in practice limited to very small systems, semi-empirical methods can be used to tackle large systems of several hundreds to thousands of atoms.…”