Nonhost resistance and nonspecific plant defenses

Heath, Michèle C.

doi:10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00087-x

Cited by 522 publications

(389 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These genes do not fit into a single pathway or process, but their identification does suggest that diverse processes contribute to nonhost resistance. This is consistent with an early model of nonhost resistance in which it was proposed that this form of resistance consists of several barriers operating in parallel to limit pathogen colonization (Heath, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

et al. 2006

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Arabidopsis thaliana is a host to the powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum and nonhost to Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei, the powdery mildew pathogenic on barley (Hordeum vulgare). Screening for Arabidopsis mutants deficient in resistance to barley powdery mildew identified PENETRATION3 (PEN3). pen3 plants permitted both increased invasion into epidermal cells and initiation of hyphae by B. g. hordei, suggesting that PEN3 contributes to defenses at the cell wall and intracellularly. pen3 mutants were compromised in resistance to the necrotroph Plectosphaerella cucumerina and to two additional inappropriate biotrophs, pea powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) and potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans). Unexpectedly, pen3 mutants were resistant to E. cichoracearum. This resistance was salicylic acid–dependent and correlated with chlorotic patches. Consistent with this observation, salicylic acid pathway genes were hyperinduced in pen3 relative to the wild type. The phenotypes conferred by pen3 result from the loss of function of PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE8 (PDR8), a highly expressed putative ATP binding cassette transporter. PEN3/PDR8 tagged with green fluorescent protein localized to the plasma membrane in uninfected cells. In infected leaves, the protein concentrated at infection sites. PEN3/PDR8 may be involved in exporting toxic materials to attempted invasion sites, and intracellular accumulation of these toxins in pen3 may secondarily activate the salicylic acid pathway.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

et al. 2006

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“…basic incompatibility (non-host-non-pathogen interaction) and basic compatibility (host-pathogen interaction). The phenomenon of non-host resistance is the most common form of disease resistance exhibited by plants against the majority of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and confers durable protection (Lebeda 1984;Heath 2000a;Niks and Marcel 2009). Several components of non-host resistance have been identified.…”

Section: Non-host Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance mechanisms of wild tomato germplasm to infection of Oidium neolycopersici

et al. 2013

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Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated tomatoes worldwide. Although the first epidemics were recorded more than 25 years ago many aspects of this host-pathogen interaction are still not well understood. Detailed morphological and molecular studies of the anamorphs confirmed that O. neolycopersici is phylogeneticaly close to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi. Host range is rather broad, apart from Solanaceae hosts were found in the families Apocynaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedialiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae a Violaceae. Non-host resistance within these families is not based on inhibition of formation of primary haustorium, however, on post-haustorial hypersensitive reponse and another type of non-hypersensitive resistance. Screening of wild Solanum species (previous Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm revealed valuable sources of resistance (S. habrochaites, S. pennellii, S. cheesmaniae, S. chilense, S. peruvianum). The main resistance mechanism was found to be a hypersensitive response (HR), in some cases followed by limited development of the pathogen. However, there is a broad variation in resistance response on the histological and cytological level. Interaction between many wild Solanum spp. and O. neolycopersici is race-specific, at least three races were differentiated. In some interspecific crosses (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites) adult plant resistance was observed. Biochemical studies focusing on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxidase activity during infection of O. neolycopersici showed that production of ROS and activity of corresponding enzymes is related to activation of defence responses in genotypes of wild Solanum sect. Lycopersicon. The significance of nitric oxide (NO) in O. neolycopersici pathogenesis was supported by experiments with NO donors and scavengers. In moderately resistant genotype S. chmielewskii, treatment by heat stress caused slight deceleration of pathogen development, increased production of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and increased peroxidase activity in infected plants. The different degree of tomato resistance/ susceptibility did not markedly change the rate and extent of photosynthetic response to O. neolycopersici; only minimal impairment of photosynthesis was found in both susceptible and moderately resistant genotypes during the Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK first 9 days after inoculation. The accumulated evidence confirm a crucial role of localised increased production of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to pathogen penetration into plant tissue and its involvement in the plant resistance responses including the initiation and progression of plant cell death in host wild Solanum species. Crucial points of further research are discussed.

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“…The progressive differentiation of fungal infection structures is believed to require diverse host target molecules that are collectively called susceptibility factors (Heath, 2000;Parniske, 2000;Schulze-Lefert and Panstruga, 2003). Researchers have hypothesized that the absence of one or more of these molecules would lead to a durable and recessively inherited resistance against all pathogen species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Arabidopsis at the Stage ofGolovinomyces cichoracearumHaustorium Formation

et al. 2008

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(T.S., K.D.)Compatibility between plants and obligate biotrophic fungi requires fungal mechanisms for efficiently obtaining nutrients and counteracting plant defenses under conditions that are expected to induce changes in the host transcriptome. A key step in the proliferation of biotrophic fungi is haustorium differentiation. Here we analyzed global gene expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves during the formation of haustoria by Golovinomyces cichoracearum. At this time, the endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were found to be enhanced. The responses of wild-type, npr1-1, and jar1-1 plants were used to categorize the sensitivity of gene expression changes to NPR1 and JAR1, which are components of the SA and JA signaling pathways, respectively. We found that the infection process was the major source of variation, with 70 genes identified as having similarly altered expression patterns regardless of plant genotype. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) identified genes responding both to infection and to lack of functional JAR1 (17 genes) or NPR1 (18 genes), indicating that the JA and SA signaling pathways function as secondary sources of variation. Participation of these genes in the SA or JA pathways had not been described previously. We found that some of these genes may be sensitive to the balance between the SA and JA pathways, representing novel markers for the elucidation of cross-talk points between these signaling cascades. Conserved putative regulatory motifs were found in the promoter regions of each subset of genes. Collectively, our results indicate that gene expression changes in response to infection by obligate biotrophic fungi may support fungal nutrition by promoting alterations in host metabolism. In addition, these studies provide novel markers for the characterization of defense pathways and susceptibility features under this infection condition.

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Nonhost resistance and nonspecific plant defenses

Cited by 522 publications

References 43 publications

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

ArabidopsisPEN3/PDR8, an ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Contributes to Nonhost Resistance to Inappropriate Pathogens That Enter by Direct Penetration

Resistance mechanisms of wild tomato germplasm to infection of Oidium neolycopersici

Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Arabidopsis at the Stage ofGolovinomyces cichoracearumHaustorium Formation

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