Noninvasive Measurement of Plasma Triglycerides and Free Fatty Acids from Exhaled Breath

Abstract

Abbreviations: (2-BuONO 2) 2-butyl nitrate, (2-PeONO 2) 2-pentyl nitrate, (C 2 Cl 4) tetrachloroethylene, (C 2 HCl 3) trichloroethylene, (CHBr 3) bromoform, (CH 3 Br) bromomethane, (CH 3 I) methyl iodide, (CH 3 ONO 2) methyl nitrate, (CH 4) methane, (CO 2) carbon dioxide, (DMDS) dimethyl disulfide, (ECD) electron-capture detectors, (EtONO 2) ethyl nitrate, (F) female, (FFA) free fatty acids, (FID) flame-ionization detectors, (GC) gas chromatograph, (ICTS) Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, (IV) intravenous, (M) male, (MSD) mass spectrometer detector, (MTBE) methyl tert-butyl ether, (RMSE) root mean square errors, (SCD) sulfur chemiluminiscence detector, (TG) triglycerides,

The clinical potential of exhaled breath analysis for diabetes mellitus

“…Exhaled VOC-based predictive models for plasma triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) were also obtained during similar 4-hour in vivo experiments (insulin-induced lipid suppression or i.v. infusion of a lipid emulsion) in 23 healthy volunteers (12m/11f, 28.0±0.3 years)[103]. Strong correlations between measured and breath-based predictions were observed (r=0.86 for TG, r=0.81 for FFA).…”

Cutting Edge Methods for Non-Invasive Disease Diagnosis Using E-Tongue and E-Nose Devices

“…It is widely known that all of the types of DM require close monitoring of glucose levels and personalized insulin dosage regimen for disease management and prevention of comorbid disorders and long-term impairment. While the breath metabolome of DMT1 and DMT2 have been evaluated [ 105 , 111 , 112 ] for diagnosis and glucose monitoring, the most recent studies have been focused on optimizing a device to elucidate the specific pathological processes of DM that influence comorbid disorders such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease [ 113 ], and cognitive impairment [ 109 ].…”

“…The authors postulated that this could indicate impaired metabolic function caused by a resistance to insulin, carrying serious repercussions for cognitive memory and function, where insulin carriers and insulin receptors are critical components [ 109 ]. The impairment of metabolic processes in DMT2 has repercussions for many other systems in the body, and carries serious risk of the development of cardiovascular disease [ 113 ] and dementia later in life [ 109 ]. An e-nose device that is not only sensitive to DM-specific VOCs, but can also quantify VOCs in exhaled breath would be a highly beneficial tool for monitoring disease progression.…”

“…As with most diabetes monitoring, plasma lipid levels are most commonly measured through blood based assays; however, Minh Tdo et al proposed that plasma lipids, specifically triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA), could be successfully measured through exhaled VOC profiling. They hypothesized that “by integrating measurements of multiple exhaled VOCs at several consecutive time points, it is possible to estimate plasma concentrations of a given variable through multivariate regression analysis” [ 113 ]. In this study, 23 healthy volunteers were induced with hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia through an IV infusion of insulin, glucose, and lipids in the antecubital vein to avoid any confounding effects from metabolism and absorption in the GI tract.…”

Diet-induced and mono-genetic obesity alter volatile organic compound signature in mice

“…A literature search on similar PTR-MS fragmentation patterns revealed that monoterpenes like αand β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene and camphor produced fragment ions of masses 67, 81 and 95 as well as a protonated molecular ion of mass 137 or 153 (Tani et al, 2003). Notably, in an human lipid infusion study to predict plasma TG and FFA levels from breath volatiles, β-Limonene and β-pinene were relevant for the models (Minh et al, 2012). Also monoterpenes (137.137) and terpene-related peak (135.119) have been found as breath markers for liver cirrhosis in a human study (Morisco et al, 2013).…”