Noninvasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion

Skin temperature and core-peripheral temperature gradient as markers of hemodynamic status in critically ill patients: A review

“…[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Skin temperature monitoring has been shown to be an easy, valuable, and inexpensive monitor of tissue perfusion in critically ill adults and children that may be employed during the primary survey on admission. 17,37 Alternatively, skin temperature may be used in situations in which sophisticated equipment is not available, as occurs in hospital ward situations, or to avoid pulmonary artery catheter use. 28,35 Skin temperature may be measured either qualitatively by way of palpation 17,45 or quantitatively using skin temperature-monitoring devices that provide a direct measurement of skin temperature, 38,46 although CPTGs may be a more effective measure of skin blood flow than skin temperature alone.…”

“…17,37 Alternatively, skin temperature may be used in situations in which sophisticated equipment is not available, as occurs in hospital ward situations, or to avoid pulmonary artery catheter use. 28,35 Skin temperature may be measured either qualitatively by way of palpation 17,45 or quantitatively using skin temperature-monitoring devices that provide a direct measurement of skin temperature, 38,46 although CPTGs may be a more effective measure of skin blood flow than skin temperature alone. 17 Skin temperature has other applications as a marker of cardiovascular status and tissue perfusion.…”

“…16 Skin perfusion and temperature are predominantly influenced by sympathetic neurohumoral responses during low blood pressure states because of a lack of autoregulation within the cutaneous circulation. 16,17 During episodes of low cardiac output, alpha-adrenergic stimulation assists in the transfer of peripheral blood to the central circulation to maintain blood pressure. [18][19][20] The ensuing state of intense vasoconstriction, particularly within the vascular beds of the skin and muscle, 21 manifests in increased vascular resistance and cold skin.…”

Perfusion index in the preterm infant immediately after birth

“…Several studies investigating PI in the adult population have highlighted the potential for PI monitoring to be used to monitor the circulatory condition of patients admitted to the emergency department, and as an appropriate method of assessment to monitor the effect that therapeutic interventions have on peripheral perfusion [4,5]. Studies in the neonatal population have highlighted the potential for PI to be used as an assessment tool in various aspects of an infant's health [6].…”

“…By using a third wavelength (800 nm), the overall hemoglobin concentration can be determined, allowing the pulsatile component of arterial blood to be distinguished from the non pulsatile component. The PI is then calculated as the ratio between the pulsatile component and the non pulsatile component [4].…”