Nonleaching Antimicrobial Films Prepared from Surface-Modified Microfibrillated Cellulose

Abstract

We have prepared potentially permanent antimicrobial films based on surface-modified microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). MFC, obtained by disintegration of bleached softwood sulfite pulp in a homogenizer, was grafted with the quaternary ammonium compound octadecyldimethyl(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ammonium chloride (ODDMAC) by a simple adsorption-curing process. Films prepared from the ODDMAC-modified MFC were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and tested for antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The films showed substantial antibacterial capacity even at very low concentrations of antimicrobial agent immobilized on the surface. A zone of inhibition test demonstrated that no ODDMAC diffused into the surroundings, verifying that the films were indeed of the nonleaching type.

Nanocellulose in Thin Films, Coatings, and Plies for Packaging Applications: A Review

“…Several researchers have evaluated strategies to impart antimicrobial properties to packaging with systems that involve nanocellulose (Andresen et al 2007;Dobre et al 2012;Boumail et al 2013a,b;Cozzolino et al 2013;Costa et al 2014;Dehnad et al 2014b;Salmieri et al 2014a,b;El-Wakil et al 2015;Saini et al 2015Saini et al , 2016aAmini et al 2016;Hu and Wang 2016;Jebel and Almasi 2016;Padrao et al 2016;Yan et al 2016). Of particular interest are treatments with food-grade compounds such as sorbic acid (Dobre et al 2012) or the bio-based cationic polymer chitosan (Tome et al 2013;Velasquez-Cock et al 2014;Li et al 2015b), which nevertheless can improve the ability of the package to protect the food inside it against decay.…”

Rheological Studies of Microfibrillar Cellulose Water Dispersions

“…Several recent publications demonstrate how MFC can be used for various purposes within material technology, such as; reinforcement in nanocomposites [4,7,10,11] dispersion stabilizers [12][13][14][15], antimicrobial films [16], filtration media [17] and oxygen barrier material in food and pharmaceutical applications [18].…”

A review of immobilized antimicrobial agents and methods for testing

“…Irreversible immobilization of the antimicrobial agents in the device offers an alternative motif that eliminates patient exposure to elutable active agents and potentially increases the duration of antimicrobial efficacy. 8,9 A wide range of antimicrobial agents have been immobilized, including small molecules (e.g., quaternary ammonium silanes), [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] quaternary ammonium polymers, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] polyamines, [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] chitosan, [43][44][45][46][47][48][49] enzymes, [50][51][52][53][54][55] peptides, and peptide mimetics. …”