Nonlinear interactions of P and S waves under uniaxial stress

Hayes, Lauren; Malcolm, Alison; Moravej, Kamal; Butt, Stephen

doi:10.1121/2.0000857

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Ours is the first instance of this particular experimental configuration being performed under applied load, and the first to look at the orientation dependence of the responses; some data presented herein were part of a conference presentation by Hayes et al (2018). It builds on: classical nonlinear resonance studies under different loads and saturation conditions (Zinszner et al, 1997), pressure-dependent DAET studies (Rivière et al, 2016), and experiments that monitor velocity changes with different confining pressures (Simpson et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental monitoring of nonlinear wave interactions in crab orchard sandstone under uniaxial load

et al. 2023

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When two waves interact within a rock sample, the interaction strength depends strongly on the sample's micro-structural properties, including the orientation of the sample layering. The study that established this dependence on layering speculated that the differences were caused by cracks aligned with the layers in the sample. To test this, we applied a uniaxial load to similar samples of Crab Orchard Sandstone and measured the nonlinear interaction as a function of the applied load and layer orientation. We show that the dependence of the nonlinear signal changes on applied load are exponential, with a characteristic load of 11.4-12.5 MPa that is independent of sample orientation and probe wavetype (P or S); this value agrees with results from the literature, but does not support the cracks hypothesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental monitoring of nonlinear wave interactions in crab orchard sandstone under uniaxial load

et al. 2023

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“…A large proportion of healthy sheep and goats are latent carriers of L monocytogenes and excrete the organism in feces and milk during periods of stress (163,261). Although less frequently, cows also serve as carriers of L monocytogenes, and excrete the organism into milk (142,178,256). Raw chickens are also frequently contaminated (60%) with L monocytogenes (236,338 The apparent purpose of these reactions is to furnish lethal oxidants for killing the engulfed microorganism (27).…”

Section: Structure Of Microbial Cell Walls Gram-negative Bacteria Difmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…monocytogenes in milk (32). However, commercial pasteurization was not considered a problem (32) because of the apparent rapid destruction of the organism during pasteurization (32) and the low levels of Z. monocytogenes found in bulk milk tanks (178,266).…”

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Effects of polyphosphates and heat on selected Gram-positive bacteria important in foods

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A non-linear elastic approach to study the effect of ambient humidity on sandstone

Tadavani

Poduska

Malcolm

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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We demonstrate that strong elastic pump wave pulses soften sandstone more in humidified conditions than they do in dry conditions and that this effect is repeatable and reversible. We assess these changes via the non-linear interactions of a strong pump wave with a weaker probe wave. We find that there is an exponential time constant (τ≈13days) associated with this process that is independent of the amplitudes of the pump and the probe, the phase delay between the two waves (the time between transmission of the pump and probe waves), the sampling rate, and whether the sample is being dried or humidified. We demonstrate that the humidity-dependent differences in the amount of softening are induced by only a very small amount of absorbed water vapor and argue that this water is intercalated within clay particles. We also show that our pump–probe experiments detect these humidity-dependent differences in the amount of softening easily and repeatably using an experimental design that does not rely on resonance conditions. This means that, in principle, our experiments could be more easily generalized to other experimental geometries to investigate non-linear elastic properties in complex or irregular sample geometries. Our method and findings have potential relevance in oil and gas exploration, civil engineering, and understanding of the mechanism of earthquakes.

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Nonlinear interactions of P and S waves under uniaxial stress

Cited by 4 publications

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Experimental monitoring of nonlinear wave interactions in crab orchard sandstone under uniaxial load

Experimental monitoring of nonlinear wave interactions in crab orchard sandstone under uniaxial load

Effects of polyphosphates and heat on selected Gram-positive bacteria important in foods

A non-linear elastic approach to study the effect of ambient humidity on sandstone

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