Nonmarrow Hematopoiesis Occurs in a Hyaluronic-Acid-Rich Node and Duct System in Mice

Hwang, Sunhee; Lee, Seung Joon; Park, Sang H.; Chitteti, Brahmananda R.; Srour, Edward F.; Cooper, Scott; Hangoc, Giao; Broxmeyer, Hal E.; Kwon, Byoung S.

doi:10.1089/scd.2014.0075

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We recently described a hyaluronic acid-rich node and duct system (HAR-NDS) [11,12] also known as the Bonghan (or Primo) vascular system [13][14][15][16]. We referred to the nodes and ducts as hyaluronic acid-rich node and hyaluronic acid-rich duct, respectively, and to the two together as hyaluronic acid-rich node(s) and duct(s) (HAR-ND) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We referred to the nodes and ducts as hyaluronic acid-rich node and hyaluronic acid-rich duct, respectively, and to the two together as hyaluronic acid-rich node(s) and duct(s) (HAR-ND) [12]. We detected frequent, small, immature cells in the HAR-NDS by both light and electron microscopy [11,12]. Here, we employed a purification method typically used to purify BM VSELs, to demonstrate these VSEL-like cells in the HAR-NDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adult Stem Cells from the Hyaluronic Acid-Rich Node and Duct System Differentiate into Neuronal Cells and Repair Brain Injury

Lee

Park

Kim

et al. 2014

Stem Cells and Development

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult Stem Cells from the Hyaluronic Acid-Rich Node and Duct System Differentiate into Neuronal Cells and Repair Brain Injury

Lee

Park

Kim

et al. 2014

Stem Cells and Development

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“…This idea is supported by the recent detection of hematopoietic stem cells [7] and, more importantly, small embryonic-like stem cells in the PVS [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…To distinguish the PVS from artifacts such as coagulation of AB with lymph fluids in a string-like form, the following need to be checked: (1) the structure is a mobile threadlike structure that is not adhered to the lymph walls; (2) the PVs are elastic, but AB coagulation is not and is therefore easily broken; a mobile blue threadlike structure should be tested for its elasticity so as not to confuse it with an artifact temporarily formed by staining dye aggregations, which are easily crushed to pieces by shaking the lymph duct. A PV is elastic, which can also be sensed when it is extracted from a lymph duct ex vivo on a slide; (3) the thickness of a PV is rather uniform and approximately 20e30 mm; (4) the PNs form the thicker parts of the PV, and their numbers, thicknesses, and lengths vary; they can be recognized as the cucumber-shaped thick parts of a PV; (5) the PVs pass through the lymph valves; (6) the PVs branch in the area where the lymph vessels branch; (7) if the thickness of a PV is > 50 mm, the PV most likely contains adhered blood cells or lymphocytes; this coagulation is because of bleeding in the lymph node during injection; and (8) confounding fake string-like tissues can sometimes appear. We recommend that the DAPI-test be applied to the putative PV specimens because the characteristic distribution of the rod-shaped nuclei is a good criterion to discern the PV from other string-like tissues [10e12].…”

Section: Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol for Detecting the Primo Vascular System in the Lymph Ducts of Mice

Park

Jung

Bae

et al. 2015

Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies

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The primo vascular system (PVS), which is the proposed conduit for the acupuncture Qi, is a complex network distributed throughout an animal's body. However, even with a microscope, it is not easily detectable because of its transparency. Thus, its existence is largely unknown in current anatomy. A convincing demonstration of its existence is needed. The lymph-primo vessel (PV), which is a subsystem of the PVS, is a very effective visual demonstration of the PVS. The lymph-PVS is a mobile threadlike structure floating in lymph ducts that has been observed in rabbits, rats, and mice by several independent teams. The involved techniques are novel and rather complicated; therefore, we have already provided detailed protocols for the surgery; for the injection of the staining dye; and for the detection, extraction, and identification of the PVS in rabbits and rats. However, the mouse is one of the most important laboratory animals used for various biomedical research purposes. For the convenience of researchers who wish to initiate the PVS experiments in mice, we provide a shortened version of the protocol, despite many similarities with previously published protocols. Thus, researcher can easily obtain the samples of the lymph-PVS of mice.

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“…24 Innate immune cells, especially mast cells, have been found to be highly concentrated in the PVS, suggesting that it has an immune function. [25][26][27] In addition, hematopoietic stem cells 28 and small embryonic-like stem cells 29,30 have been observed in the PVS, suggesting that it has a regenerative function.…”

Section: Introduction Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

Soh

2015

Medical Acupuncture

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Background: The primo vascular system (PVS) is an anatomical structure that is a network of ducts with fluid flowing in them, which are called primo vessels and correspond to acupuncture meridians, and primo nodes that correspond to acupoints. The PVS' main function is considered to be the maintenance of regenerative homeostasis in human and animal bodies. This system is distributed throughout the bodies of normal animals and develops around and in cancer tissues. This cancer-associated PVS may be a critical metastatic path besides the blood and the lymph vessels. The author of this article proposes a hypothesis on cancer treatment: Injecting anticancer drugs into acupoints according to the pharmacopuncture method can be effective as a result of the flow channels of the PVS. The author considers the acupoint Zusanli (ST 36) and the route of the primo vessels starting from it. This specific PVS route runs along the perineurium of the sciatic nerve, the pia mater, and the arachnoid mater of the spinal cord to the brain. Thus, by injecting a suitable anticancer drug into ST 36, one can deliver the drug into the brain to treat gliomas and other brain tumors. This new drug-delivery method is just one of the new clinical applications that are possible by combining acupuncture and using the PVS. Conclusions: Anticancer drugs for glioma can be injected into the primo node at the acupoint ST 36 to reach the cancer tissue through the PVS in the sciatic nerve, spine, and brain that can avoid the blood-brain barrier.

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Nonmarrow Hematopoiesis Occurs in a Hyaluronic-Acid-Rich Node and Duct System in Mice

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Adult Stem Cells from the Hyaluronic Acid-Rich Node and Duct System Differentiate into Neuronal Cells and Repair Brain Injury

Adult Stem Cells from the Hyaluronic Acid-Rich Node and Duct System Differentiate into Neuronal Cells and Repair Brain Injury

Protocol for Detecting the Primo Vascular System in the Lymph Ducts of Mice

Hypothesis on the Treatment of Gliomas with Acupuncture at the Primo Node Corresponding toZusanli(ST 36)

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