Nonspecific effects of oral vaccination with live-attenuated
            <i>Salmonella</i>
            Typhi strain Ty21a

Pennington, Shaun H.; Ferreira, Daniela M.; Caamaño-Gutiérrez, Eva; Reiné, Jesús; Hewitt, C.; Hyder-Wright, Angie; Gordon, Stephen B.; Gordon, Melita A.

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau6849

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…A widely described example is the phenomenon known as endotoxin tolerance, which results in a general refractoriness to LPS challenges after a first exposure and aims to prevent extensive tissue damage as consequence of the potent innate immune reaction to LPS [8,9]. Conversely, there is evidence that vaccination with different types of live attenuated vaccines (BCG, B. pertussis, S. typhi, measles, oral polio vaccine, smallpox) can induce non-specific protection against unrelated pathogens [34][35][36][37][38], a finding that is most likely based on a vaccine-induced innate memory that results in enhanced reactivity, known as "trained" immunity or potentiation [3,11]. On the other hand, some experimental evidence suggests that deranged innate memory may be at the basis of anomalous innate/inflammatory reactions in a number of inflammation-based diseases [39,40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance

Swartzwelter

Barbero

Verde

et al. 2020

Cells

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Innate immune memory is characterized by a modulation in the magnitude with which innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages respond to potential dangers, subsequent to previous exposure to the same or unrelated agents. In this study, we have examined the capacity of gold nanoparticles (AuNP), which are already in use for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, to modulate the innate memory induced by bacterial agents. The induction of innate memory was achieved in vitro by exposing human primary monocytes to bacterial agents (lipopolysaccharide -LPS-, or live Bacille Calmette-Guérin -BCG) in the absence or presence of AuNP. After the primary activation, cells were allowed to return to a resting condition, and eventually re-challenged with LPS. The induction of memory was assessed by comparing the response to the LPS challenge of unprimed cells with that of cells primed with bacterial agents and AuNP. The response to LPS was measured as the production of inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra). While ineffective in directly inducing innate memory per se, and unable to influence LPS-induced tolerance memory, AuNP significantly affected the memory response of BCG-primed cells, by inhibiting the secondary response in terms of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factor production. The reprogramming of BCG-induced memory towards a tolerance type of reactivity may open promising perspectives for the use of AuNP in immunomodulatory approaches to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance

Swartzwelter

Barbero

Verde

et al. 2020

Cells

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“… RSV replication was significantly reduced when CAIVs was administered before RSV infection without any RSV-specific antibody responses. 33 Pennington SH…”

Section: Available Vaccines With Potential Trained Immunity Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ty21a showed a capacity to generate innate immune memory by inducing up-regulation of monocytes surface receptors and mount cytokine production of various cell populations to subsequently encountered pathogens. These changes could generate resistance to other types of infection [33].…”

Section: Available Vaccines With Potential Trained Immunity Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could “trained immunity” be induced by live attenuated vaccines protect against COVID-19? Review of available evidence

Alsulaiman

Khasawneh

Kheirallah

2020

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a severe global public health threat. Caused by SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19 is characterized by high transmission rate that correlates with high viral load. The full clinical spectrum of the illness, the prevalence rates of mild symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, and the case fatality rates are still poorly understood, highlighting the importance of early preventive measures. Unfortunately, appropriate vaccination against SARS-Cov-2 is not yet available. Unless a target vaccine is developed, COVID-19 impacts will be devastating. “Trained immunity” (TI), which could be induced by live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), is a potential public health preventive approach to boost the host immune system. Trained innate immune cells demonstrated phenotypical and functional changes leading them to acquire immunological memory and amplify their responses against subsequent infections. This phenomenon could have important public health preventive implications by harnessing the early immune responses against COVID-19, restricting its progression, and suppressing its infectivity. Some LAVs have induced a broad, nonspecific, protection against unrelated pathogens and decreased mortality from conditions other than the targeted infectious diseases. This review summarizes the relevant literature and 1) emphasizes the role of available LAVs as potential stimulants for TI and 2) proposes this phenomenon as a potential preventive approach against COVID-19 that needs thoughtful consideration and further investigation. Clinical trials in this field are then urgently needed in line of vaccine and treatment unavailability. This is specifically true when considering two evolving scenarios; the virus spread may not diminish with warm weather, and that it will erupt a second-hit severe outbreak next winter.

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“…18 Studies of the effect of vaccination on antibiotic use in LMICs are few, and results from HICs may not be generalizable to India, where the underlying burden of infectious diseases is higher, vaccination rates are lower, out-of-pocket expenditure on health is high, and access to antibiotics is often unregulated. [19][20][21] For example, the effect of common vaccines, such as for measles or typhoid, which have been shown to provide additional nonspecific protection against diseases, 22 cannot be determined in HICs where these vaccines are already widely available. To improve understanding of the relationship between vaccines and antibiotic use, we examined the associations between consumption of vaccines and antibiotics from 2009 to 2017 in the private health sector in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between private vaccine and antimicrobial consumption across Indian states, 2009–2017

Schueller

Nandi

Joshi

et al. 2021

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Vaccines can reduce antibiotic use and, consequently, antimicrobial resistance by averting vaccine-preventable and secondary infections. We estimated the associations between private vaccine and antibiotic consumption across Indian states during 2009-2017 using monthly and annual consumption data from IQVIA and employed fixedeffects regression and the Arellano-Bond Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model for panel data regression, which controlled for income and public sector vaccine use indicators obtained from other sources. In the annual data fixed-effects model, a 1% increase in private vaccine consumption per 1000 under-5 children was associated with a 0.22% increase in antibiotic consumption per 1000 people (P < 0.001). In the annual data GMM model, a 1% increase in private vaccine consumption per 1000 under-5 children was associated with a 0.2% increase in private antibiotic consumption (P < 0.001). In the monthly data GMM model, private vaccine consumption was negatively associated with antibiotic consumption when 32, 34, 35, and 44-47 months had elapsed after vaccine consumption, with a positive association with lags of fewer than 18 months. These results indicate vaccine-induced longer-term reductions in antibiotic use in India, similar to findings of studies from other low-and middle-income countries.

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Nonspecific effects of oral vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance

Gold Nanoparticles Modulate BCG-Induced Innate Immune Memory in Human Monocytes by Shifting the Memory Response towards Tolerance

Could “trained immunity” be induced by live attenuated vaccines protect against COVID-19? Review of available evidence

Associations between private vaccine and antimicrobial consumption across Indian states, 2009–2017

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