Nonspecific toxins as components of a host‐specific culture filtrate from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1

Abstract

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are among the most important crops in the world providing staple food for hundreds of millions of people. However, banana production has been devastated by fungal infestations caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Despite the fact that there is very little known on the role of microbial metabolites in the molecular mechanism of Foc infections, it has been proposed that the toxins fusaric acid and beauvericin produced by Foc play an important role during pathogenesis. The aim of this contribution was to study the toxic components of culture filtrates (CF) of Foc and to isolate the extracellular microbial metabolites involved in the plant response. An in vitro bioassay was used to evaluate the production of phytotoxic metabolites as well as the specificity of culture from a strain of Foc belonging to VCG 01210 (race 1). A host‐specific CF was obtained and the phytotoxic compounds characterized as fusaric acid, beauvericin and fumonisin B1. Despite the presence of these nonspecific toxins, a water‐soluble extract from the CF induced protection to the main phytotoxic fraction, measured by lesion area. This hydrophilic fraction induced a fast and strong response of just jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent defence genes rather than salicylic acid (SA)‐ and ethylene (ET)‐response genes in resistant cultivars. Extracellular proteins isolated from CF of Foc provide an important source for further investigations on the molecular basis of the interaction between Foc and banana.

Physiological, Biochemical and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Physalis Peruviana L. Seedlings Exposed to Different Short-Term Waterlogging Periods and Fusarium Wilt Infection

“…where n is the number of evaluations, y i and y i+1 are the values of the severity scale that were presented at each time of evaluation and (t i+1 − t i ) is the time interval between evaluations. Finally, Foph presence or absence in plants of the different treatments was confirmed by planting segments taken from the base of the plant in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubating them at 25 • C at each evaluation time (13,33, and 53 DAI) [55].…”

“…The pathogen F. oxysporum (FO) can survive for long periods in the soil and is difficult to eliminate [11][12][13]. FO infection occurs through roots via direct penetration or wounds.…”

“…x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of Effect of four waterlogging periods on maximum efficiency of the photosystem (PSII) (Fv/Fm) of cape gooseberry plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph) at three different sampling points(13,33, and 53 days after inoculation (DAI)). The data represent the mean of five plants ± standard error per treatment (n = 5).…”

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Mutagenesis of MdCNGC2 in Apple Callus and VIGS-Mediated Silencing of MdCNGC2 in Fruits Improve Resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea

“…A culture filtrate of B. dothidea (BCF) was prepared according to a previously reported method ( Portal et al, 2018 ) with slight modification. B. dothidea mycelium was inoculated into 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of potato dextrose broth (PDB) and cultured at 25°C under dark conditions with shaking at 150 rpm.…”

Predicting Virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense Based on the Production of Mycotoxin Using a Linear Regression Model

“…Fusarium species produce an extraordinary diversity of biologically active mycotoxins during the infection process [15]. Mycotoxin is one of the best studied virulence factors of phytopathogenic fungi [16]. Fusaric acid (FSA), beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) were identified in Foc to contribute to pathogenicity during infection of host plants [17][18][19][20][21].…”