Nonverbal communication between parents and adolescents: A study of approach and avoidance behaviors

An Empirical Comparison of Three Theories of Nonverbal Immediacy Exchange

“…The presence of both compensatory and reciprocal behavior responses to high immediacy increases may indicate behavioral ambivalence on the part of the target. Such ambivalence is consistent with dialectical perspectives (Andersen, 1993), particularly the autonomy-connection dialectic described by Baxter (1988), the expressiveness-protectiveness dialectic described by Rawlins (1992), and the approach-avoidance dialectic found in the nonverbal and topic-avoidance literature (Guerrero & Afifi, 1995;Kahlbaugh & Haviland, 1994). Findings from the present experiment may indicate that interactants experience and display both affiliation and avoidance simultaneously rather than cyclicly.…”

Content Analysis of Physical Affection Within Television Families During the 2006–2007 Season of US Children's Programming

“…Research reveals that in society, children will see parents show greater affection to them than toward each other (Kahlbaugh & Haviland, 1994). In examining fictional families, FAMILY AFFECTION IN CHILDREN'S TV PROGRAMMING our results mirror this societal trend.…”

“…In addition, fathers perceive that they show more affection toward their sons than sons show toward their fathers (Floyd & Morman 2000) and that their relationships with their sons reflected greater involvement, satisfaction, and closeness than do the relationships those fathers have with their own fathers (Floyd & Morman, 2003). Kahlbaugh and Haviland (1994) found that parents show more signals of approach (closeness, interest, and acceptance) toward children than they do toward one another. Additional examinations into family affection showed that parents who have more affectionate marriages express more affection toward their children (Miller, Cowan, Cowan, Hetherington, & Clingempeel, 1993) and offer their children more approval (Easterbrooks & Emde, 1988).…”

The Riverside Behavioral Q‐sort: A Tool for the Description of Social Behavior

“…At the molecular end of the continuum, some investigators have focused on concrete facial, bodily, and gestural behaviors, and vocal characteristics. Included are variables such as head nods, eyebrow flashes, body orientation, backward lean, sighing, and voice volume (Ekman & Friesen, 1978;Ellgring, 1989;Kalbaugh & Haviland, 1994). At the molar end of the continuum, behavior has been characterized more impressionistically in terms of its broad pattern, style or consequences.…”