Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers

Berg, Axel van den

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-86237-2.50078-0

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The Kroer loam has been characterized elsewhere (Tiberg, 1998), so no additional characterization was performed in this study. A simple soil characterization of the Hov silt was performed at the Division of Survey and Statistics at NIBIO.…”

Section: Soil Sampling and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Holten

Larsbo

Jarvis

et al. 2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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Core Ideas Significantly more pesticides leached from frozen than from unfrozen soil columns. Rapid breakthrough of pesticides indicated preferential flow in frozen soil. A strong negative correlation between Kf and leaching was observed. The effect of sorption properties is weaker in the presence of macropore flow. Macropore flow may be less important for highly mobile or highly sorbed pesticides. Field and laboratory studies show increased leaching of pesticides through macropores in frozen soil. Fast macropore flow has been shown to reduce the influence of pesticide properties on leaching, but data on these processes are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil freezing and thawing on transport of pesticides with a range of soil sorption coefficients (Kf). To do this we conducted a soil column study to quantify the transport of bromide and five pesticides (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid, clomazone, boscalid, propiconazole, and diflufenican). Intact topsoil and subsoil columns from two agricultural soils (silt and loam) in southeastern Norway were used in this experiment, and pesticides were applied to the soil surface in all columns. Half the columns were then frozen (−3°C), and the other half were left unfrozen (4°C). Columns were subjected to repeated irrigation events where 25 mm of rainwater was applied during 5 h at each event. Irrigations were followed by 14‐d periods of freezing or refrigeration. Percolate was collected and analyzed for pesticides and bromide. Pesticide leaching was up to five orders of magnitude larger from frozen than unfrozen columns. Early breakthrough (<<1 pore volume) of high concentrations was observed for pesticides in frozen columns, indicating that leaching was dominated by preferential flow. The rank order in pesticide leaching observed in this study corresponded to the rank order of mean Kf values for the pesticides, and the results suggest that sorption plays a role in determining leaching losses even in frozen soil.

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Section: Soil Sampling and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Holten

Larsbo

Jarvis

et al. 2019

Vadose Zone Journal

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“…The result of this project was the collection, pedological description, and chemical characterization of seven Euro-soils [14]. However, other projects such as the Lufa-Speyer Soil (http://www.lufa-speyer.de/soil_ eng.html), the RefeSols [19], and the Nordic Reference Soils [13] show that the seven Euro-soils do not represent the diversity of soils in Europe. Moreover, a reference soil taken from one specific site (as are the Euro-soils) is a finite resource.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of natural soils as a control or reference soil in standard ecotoxicological tests should be based on a careful selection, focusing mainly on two criteria: first, the representativeness for a specific biogeographic region and the degree to which soil physicochemical characteristics match those of soils being assessed (e.g., texture, pH, C/N ratio, or organic matter content [9,13,14]); second, the acceptability of the selected reference soil to support the performance of the test organisms (e.g., survival, growth, and reproduction), because some of the pedological characteristics of soils might act as stress factors for the animals [15,16], thus confounding or influencing the test results [10]. Guidance must be supplied for the use of natural soils as reference control soils in the existing guidelines, and this guidance should include criteria for the selection of acceptable reference control soils [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving ecological risk assessment in the Mediterranean area: Selection of reference soils and evaluating the influence of soil properties on avoidance and reproduction of two oligochaete species

Chelinho

Domene

Campana

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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A current challenge in soil ecotoxicology is the use of natural soils as test substrates to increase ecological relevance of data. Despite the existence of six natural reference soils (the Euro-soils), some parallel projects showed that these soils do not accurately represent the diversity of European soils. Particularly, Mediterranean soils are not properly represented. To fill this gap, 12 natural soils from the Mediterranean regions of Alentejo, Portugal; Cataluña, Spain; and Liguria, Italy, were selected and used in reproduction and avoidance tests to evaluate the soil habitat function for earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus). Predictive models on the influence of soil properties on the responses of these organisms were developed using generalized linear models. Results indicate that the selected soils can impact reproduction and avoidance behavior of both Oligochaete species. Reproduction of enchytraeids was affected by different soil properties, but the test validity criteria were fulfilled. The avoidance response of enchytraeids was highly variable, but significant effects of texture and pH were found. Earthworms were more sensitive to soil properties. They did not reproduce successfully in three of the 10 soils, and a positive influence of moisture, fine sand, pH, and organic matter and a negative influence of clay were found. Moreover, they strongly avoided soils with extreme textures. Despite these limitations, most of the selected soils are suitable substrates for ecotoxicological evaluations.

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Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Leaching of Five Pesticides of Contrasting Mobility through Frozen and Unfrozen Soil

Improving ecological risk assessment in the Mediterranean area: Selection of reference soils and evaluating the influence of soil properties on avoidance and reproduction of two oligochaete species

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