Normal inner canthal and outer orbital dimensions

Laestadius, Nancy D.; Aase, Jon M.; Smith, David W.

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(69)80206-4

Cited by 124 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…34 The present data also closely approximate anthropometric data from birth to 36 months of age. 9,21,24 The present measurements also conform to traditional definitions of balanced facial proportion, as determined by the rule of facial fifths, stating that the IC difference should be one-third of the distance between lateral canthal distances. Our normative data analysis result falls within the accepted balanced facial proportions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The largest proportion of anthropometric data applies to adults 4,9,17,18,[22][23][24][25]30,31,36 and to a lesser extent to the pediatric population. 9,13,16,18,19,21,27,30,36 There are relatively few data available for children younger than 3 years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,13,16,18,19,21,27,30,36 There are relatively few data available for children younger than 3 years. 9,16,21,24,27 For example, Farkas and Posnick evaluated subjects as young as 1 year, but omitted data from birth to 1 year due to a small sample size and uncooperative patients. 19 Pediatric specialists and primary care providers perform evaluations of the craniofacial skeleton when their patients are very young and typically at < 1 year of age.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computed tomography–generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children

Pool

Didier²,

Bardo

et al. 2016

PED

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OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop soft-tissue and bony anthropometric orbital measurements in a normal pediatric population based upon CT scans. METHODS This was a retrospective stratified study of children with ages ranging from birth to 36 months. Head CT images for 204 children were available and obtained with 0.625–1-mm slice widths. Soft-tissue and bone windows were reviewed. Images were oriented in the Frankfort horizontal plane, and the intercanthal (IC), bony interorbital (IO), and bony lateral orbital (LO) distances were measured. Age group stratifications were 0–3, > 3–6, > 6–9, > 9–12, > 12–18, > 18–24, > 24–30, and > 30–36 months. Patients with known syndromes or craniofacial abnormalities were excluded. Statistical analysis included the mean, SD, SEM, 95% CI, and an evaluation of IO:LO ratio. RESULTS There was an average of 25.5 patients in each age group (range 25–27 patients). All soft-tissue and bony measurements consistently showed rapid increase from 0–6 months of age, which tapered after age > 12 months. The mean IC, bony IO, and bony LO distances started at 22.22 ± 1.13 mm, 14.16 ± 0.74 mm, and 65.56 ± 1.76 mm, and at 12 months were 27.74 ± 1.01 mm, 16.21 ± 0.75 mm, and 77.98 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. The bony LO position was equivalent to the lateral canthal position and measurements. The IC distance was approximately one-third the lateral canthal distance for all age groups. CONCLUSIONS This study established and reported normal anthropometric orbital measurements in a pediatric population using fine-cut craniofacial CT. These measurements are essential when evaluating children with craniofacial anomalies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Computed tomography–generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children

Pool

Didier²,

Bardo

et al. 2016

PED

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“…Inner canthal distance varies among ethnic groups. Norms are available for American Africans [Murphy and Laskin, 1990], Chinese [Wu et al, 2000], and Caucasians [Laestadius et al, 1969;Feingold and Bossert, 1974;Merlob et al, 1984;Evereklioglu et al, 2001]. In the presence of an Epicanthal fold, ascertainment of inner canthal distance can be difficult.…”

Section: Telecanthusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the periorbital region

Hall

Graham

Cassidy

et al. 2009

American J of Med Genetics Pt A

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An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the periorbital area and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the periorbital area.

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“…The philtrum measured 1.5 cm ([ 2 SD above the mean) [20]. Specific facial feature measurements performed included the outer canthal distance [ [15]. No evidence of cleft palate was found.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital Knee Dislocation in a Patient with Larsen Syndrome and a Novel Filamin B Mutation

Dobbs

Boehm²,

Grange³

et al. 2008

Clinical Orthopaedics &Amp; Related Research

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We treated a patient with multiple congenital joint dislocations and facial dysmorphisms consistent with Larsen syndrome. Sequencing of the FLNB gene resulted in identification of a novel, de novo 508G[C point mutation resulting in substitution of proline for a highly conserved alanine (A170P). This mutation has not been described previously but is likely causative because this alanine is highly conserved and is located in the calponin homology domain where other mutations have been described. We also report the successful use of a minimally invasive technique in achieving initial correction of bilateral congenital knee dislocations in this patient. The technique consists of serial manipulations and castings followed by an open quadriceps tenotomy. Longer followup is needed to ensure maintenance of correction and to avoid the need for more extensive surgery, which has been the traditional treatment for congenital knee dislocation associated with Larsen syndrome.

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Normal inner canthal and outer orbital dimensions

Cited by 124 publications

References 2 publications

Computed tomography–generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children

Computed tomography–generated anthropometric measurements of orbital relationships in normal infants and children

Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the periorbital region

Congenital Knee Dislocation in a Patient with Larsen Syndrome and a Novel Filamin B Mutation

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