Normal ultrasound anatomy and common anatomical variants of the thyroid gland plus adjacent structures — A pictorial review

Germano, Ana; Schmitt, W; Carvalho, Manuel Rio; Marques, Rui

doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.07.002

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The solution to this problem was to rotate the probe to the longitudinal plane and spotting the pyramidal shape of the PL. It was also stated that when using US, a normal PL should have the same echogenicity and vascularization as the adjacent parenchyma (Germano et al, 2019; Ryu et al, 2014). Many studies have compared the effectiveness between US and CT for detecting the PL of the thyroid gland (Freilinger et al, 2022; Kim et al, 2015; Ryu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The available preoperative methods for detecting this accessory lobe include scintigraphy, ultrasonography (US), and computed tomography (CT) (Kim et al, 2015). Germano et al (2019) conducted a study on the ultrasound anatomy of the thyroid gland and its adjacent structures. In the study, they stated how the PL could resemble an isthmic nodule when the thyroid gland was analyzed in the transverse section.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The prevalence and anatomy of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland: A meta‐analysis with implications for thyroid surgery

et al. 2023

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The pyramidal lobe (PL), also known as the third lobe of the thyroid gland or lobe of Lalouette is an embryological remnant of the caudal end of the thyroglossal tract. The following meta‐analysis aims to provide a detailed analysis of the anatomical variations of the PL using the available data in the literature. Major online medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched in order to find all studies considering the prevalence and anatomy of the PL of the thyroid gland. Finally, a total of 24 studies that met the required criteria and contained complete and relevant data were included in the present meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence of the PL was found to be 42.82% (95% CI: 35.90%–49.89%). An analysis showed that the mean length was 23.09 mm (SE: 0.56). The mean width was found to be 10.59 mm (SE: 0.77). The pooled prevalence of the PL originating from the left lobe (LL) was established at 40.10% (95% CI: 28.83%–51.92%). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up‐to‐date study regarding the complete surgical anatomy of the PL. The PL was prevalent in 42.82% of the cases, being slightly more prevalent in males (40.35%) than females (37.43%). The mean length and width of the PL were 23.09 mm and 10.59 mm, respectively. Our results should be taken into consideration when performing procedures on the thyroid gland, such as thyroidectomies. The presence of the PL can affect the completeness of this procedure and lead to postoperative complications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence and anatomy of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland: A meta‐analysis with implications for thyroid surgery

et al. 2023

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“…Most structural abnormalities of the thyroid gland are not associated with any known genetic disorder and generally manifest as thyroglossal duct cysts, pyramidal lobes of the gland, or absence of the isthmus 7 . These ectopias are generally found along the midline occurring anywhere from the neck to the vagina 8–10 . Whereas the movement of thyroid tissue craniocaudally is well understood, there is no known mechanism for thyroid tissue to move laterally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Scream: Benign Thyroid Tissue as a Lateral Neck Mass

Wiles¹,

Sayeed²

2022

AJSP: Reviews and Reports

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Variant anatomy and cytomorphological overlap between benign and malignant conditions can coincide to produce diagnostic error. We report the case of an unusually shaped thyroid gland bearing a follicular adenoma interpreted as a metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. The shape of the gland had a striking resemblance to The Scream, a painting by Edvard Munch, and directly contributed to the misdiagnosis. We discuss the known embryological mechanisms of thyroid development, ultrasound radiological characteristics of thyroid examination, and the cytomorphologic interpretation of thyroid tissue. The constellation of these elements and the resultant error is eloquently illustrated by Munch’s artistic inspiration.

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“…This observation may be associated with the specific anatomy of the thyroid isthmus. Anatomically, the thyroid isthmus is a thin structure (usually 4-6 mm), which is bounded anteriorly by the sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles and posteriorly by the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings (15). This restriction in space may disturb the anteroposterior growth of isthmic PTC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Ultrasonography Features and K-TIRADS for Isthmic and Lobar Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: A Single-Center Study

et al. 2020

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Objective: This study aimed to compare ultrasonography (US) features and the Korean-Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) categories for diagnosing isthmic and lobar papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC).Methods: From January 2009 to December 2012, 163 patients who underwent thyroid surgery and were confirmed with a post-operative histopathological diagnosis of isthmic PTC were retrospectively included. Fifty-nine patients were excluded because their tumor size was < 0.5 cm or because of other reasons. The control group comprised of 145 patients who underwent thyroid surgery from January to April 2013 for a classic type of PTC, with the largest diameter being ≥ 0.5 cm and located in the thyroid lobe. A single radiologist retrospectively reviewed the US features and K-TIRADS categories of each nodule using a picture archiving and communication system.Results: Among 104 patients with isthmic PTC, 95 and 9 had primary and secondary cancers, respectively. On the other hand, all 145 patients with lobar PTC had primary cancers. Isthmic PTC showed a lower prevalence of non-parallel orientation than lobar PTC (23.1 and 71%). Nodule orientation was the only US feature statistically different between the two groups (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in patient age, sex, nodule size, composition, echogenicity, microcalcification, spiculated/microlobulated margin, and K-TIRADS category between the two groups (p > 0.05).Conclusions: K-TIRADS may be useful in the diagnosis of both isthmic and lobar PTC.

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Normal ultrasound anatomy and common anatomical variants of the thyroid gland plus adjacent structures — A pictorial review

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

The prevalence and anatomy of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland: A meta‐analysis with implications for thyroid surgery

The prevalence and anatomy of the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland: A meta‐analysis with implications for thyroid surgery

The Scream: Benign Thyroid Tissue as a Lateral Neck Mass

Comparison of Ultrasonography Features and K-TIRADS for Isthmic and Lobar Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: A Single-Center Study

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