Normalization of doxorubicin release from graphene oxide: New approach for optimization of effective parameters on drug loading

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) has been recently introduced as a suitable anticancer drug carrier, which could be loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) as a general chemotherapy agent. Herein, the attempts were made to optimize the effective parameters on both loading and release of DOX on GO. GO and GO-DOX were characterized using transition electron microscopy , zeta potential, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, loading and releasing behaviors of DOX on GO were studied in terms of different temperature and pH values. The primary optimized values of pH and temperature for best-loaded amount of DOX were 8.9 and 309 K, respectively. Moreover, we found that the smallest amount of released DOX, in pH of cancer microenvironment (5.4), occurs when DOX had been previously loaded in pH 7.8 and 310 K. Although the highest amount of loaded DOX was in basic pH, the results of efficient release of DOX from the GO-DOX complex and also cellular toxicity assay revealed that the best pH for loading of DOX on GO was 7.8. Therefore, in addition to optimization of parameters for efficient loading of DOX on GO, this study suggested that normalization of a released drug compared with the amount of a loaded drug could be a new approach for optimization of drug loading on nanocarriers.

An electrochemical biosensor for prostate cancer biomarker detection using graphene oxide–gold nanostructures

“…As shown in Figure 1E and F, GO displayed two absorption peaks including a strong absorption peak at ∼220 nm and a shoulder at around ∼300 nm corresponding to the -* transition of C=C and n-* transitions of C=O, respectively [36]. The LSPR peak in GO/AuNPs could be seen in three different peak shapes, including broaden peak with low intensity broaden and long wavelength, and a sharp and narrow wavelength ( Figure 1E and F) [16], which were attributed to the existence of a few AuNPs with high dispersion, aggregation of AuNPs, and the optimum condition, respectively.…”

Effect of size and chemical composition of graphene oxide nanoparticles on optical absorption cross-section

“…In addition, the ID/IG ratio increased from 0.81 for presonication to 1.89 and 2.4 after 1 and 2 h of sonication, respectively, suggesting GO defects increase with longer probe sonication. 1,17,39 Then, samples have been examined by UVvis spectroscopy. As shown in Fig.…”

Enhanced drug efficiency of doped ZnO–GO (graphene oxide) nanocomposites, a new gateway in drug delivery systems (DDSs)

“…Furthermore, GO can be prepared economical in large amounts compared to inorganic nanomaterials. GO functionality imparts specific biological properties upon introduction with covalent and non-covalent surface coatings [30][31][32][33][34]. Both ZnO and GO are biocompatible and can demonstrate success in diverse drug delivery applications.…”