Normative Data for the Spanish Version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III

Abstract

Background: Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) is a cognitive test that has been validated for the diagnosis of cognitive disorders. The aim of this study was to provide normative data for the ACE-III for age, education and gender. Methods: The Spanish version of the ACE-III was administered to a group of 273 healthy subjects in a multicenter study in Spain. Correlation and determination coefficients for age, education and gender were estimated. The overlapping interval strategy and linear regression analyses were used to provide adjusted norms for demographic factors and to explore the potential influence of these factors in the performance of the test. Results: Age and education correlated significantly with the total score and with all the domains. Gender correlated only with the domains of attention and visuospatial skills. Norms for the total score and for cognitive domains (attention, memory, fluency, language, and visuospatial skills) are provided. Conclusion: This study confirms the influence of demographic factors (especially age and education) on the performance in the ACE-III and provides normative data for the Spanish version of the ACE-III.

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III: Psychometric Characteristics and Relations to Functional Ability in Dementia

“…Our control group was highly educated, with 70% of participants reporting more than 12 years of education, compared to 28% reported in the general Australian adult population over 65 years of age (ABS, 2012), and demonstrated significantly higher years of education than the dementia group. This is relevant as positive correlations between ACE-III performance and education have been reported (Jubb & Evans, 2015;Matías-Guiu et al, 2016;Qassem et al, 2015). To this point, it is possible that our highly educated control group inflated the specificity and positive predictive values in Study 2 and, therefore, false positives could occur when clinicians use our revised recommended lower bound cutoff ACE-III score of 84/100 (compared with 82) in healthy individuals with less than 12 years of education.…”

Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy of the ACE-III, MIS, MMSE, MoCA, and RUDAS for Screening of Alzheimer Disease

“…Normative data are available for all of these tests for our specific setting, except for the RUDAS [24,26,29,30]. Raw data of the ACE-III, MMSE, MIS, and MoCA were adjusted for age and education, following the procedure specified for each test, and calculating scaled scores in the case of the ACE-III and of the MoCA and corrected scores in the case of the MMSE and of the MIS [24,26,29,30].…”

The Role of Verb Fluency in the Detection of Early Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…These tasks may be particularly useful discriminating between normal and impaired cognitive abilities [6][7][8]. Therefore, verbal fluency tasks have been incorporated in screening tools designed to detect cognitive deficits such as the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment (ACE) [9,10], the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) [11,12] or the Edinburgh Cognitive Assessment (ECAS) [13]. Verbal fluency tests have been used in a wide range of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) [14], neurodegeneration coursing with movement disorders [15,16], multiple sclerosis [17] and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [18].…”