Normative data of retinal arteriolar and venular calibre measurements determined using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system – Importance and implications for study of cardiometabolic disorders

Abstract

Purpose: To determine and validate retinal vascular caliber measurements by using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. Retinal vasculature changes are often regarded as clinical markers for systemic disease. Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted on 600 eyes of 300 normal subjects with no systemic or ocular illness from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017 in a tertiary referral eye center. Non-mydriatic infrared reflectance, blue reflectance, and blue peak blue autofluorescence fundus imaging were done on the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system. The dimensions of the retinal vessels were measured using inbuilt calipers at 1800 mm from the center of the optic disc. Internal and external dimensions were measured. Observer variation and its comparison using Image J software were assessed. Results: The median age was 29 years (18–50 years). Mean internal and external diameters for arterioles were 85.1 ± 12.4 mm and 105.0 ± 12.0 mm, and for venules were 133.8 ± 16.6 mm and 145.4 ± 16.1 mm, respectively. The mean internal and external wall thicknesses were 19.7 ± 8.0 mm and 11.0 ± 5.6 mm, and wall thickness-to-lumen ratios were 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Arteriolar-to-venular ratio for lumen and vessel was 0.66 ± 0.1 and 0.74 ± 0.1, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between age groups. Both inter- and intra-observer reproducibility was >95%. The Bland–Altman plot showed that the difference between measurements using both confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and Image J software lies within the limits of agreement approximately 95% of the time. Conclusion: This is the first effort to develop a normative database by using a simple non-invasive confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy system with high observer reproducibility.

Retinal Vessel Caliber Measurement Bias in Fundus Images in the Presence of the Central Light Reflex

“… 4 , 34 – 36 The vast majority of studies use color fundus cameras to quantify retinal vessel caliber; however, a few studies have used scanning laser ophthalmoscopes. 28 , 37 Automated quantification and grading of the CLR inside blood vessels is a more challenging and less explored task, while subjective grading could significantly compromise reproducibility. 38 , 39 To tackle these problems, we proposed an objective, semiautomatic method by making use of the vessel profiles obtained for caliber estimation.…”