Norovirus outbreak of probable waterborne transmission with high attack rate in a Guatemalan resort

Noroviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2004–2011

“…The low frequency of NoVs belonging to GI corroborates previous studies that also found a low prevalence of this genogroup [11,26,37]. Nonetheless, other studies have shown that GI NoVs could be more involved in outbreaks when compared to GII [7,46].…”

“…NoVs are transmitted by the fecal-oral route and most AG outbreaks are described in confined places and large gatherings, such as cruises, resorts and nursing homes [6][7][8].…”

Norovirus outbreaks on commercial cruise ships: a systematic review and new targets for the public health agenda

“…Data obtained by these questionnaires showed that the percentages of people potentially infected by NoV were often very high, reaching 74 % of the passengers in one case (McEvoy et al 1996). These results agree with those of other studies investigating NoV outbreaks in different closed communities (Maritschnik et al 2013;Arvelo et al 2012;Thouillot et al 2012;Chapman et al 2011;Reaves et al 2012), demonstrating the high infectivity of this virus. A difference in the infection rate between passengers and crewmembers was reported.…”

Method validation for norovirus detection in naturally contaminated irrigation water and fresh produce

“…Since no significant (p b 0.05) differences were observed between the efficiencies of recovery of GI and GII, the lack of samples positive for NoV GII could be attributed to a higher environmental stability of the former (da Silva et al, 2007;Pérez-Sautu et al, 2012). This differential survival is considered to be one of the causes of the frequent involvement of GI in outbreaks transmitted by food or water (Arvelo et al, 2012;Blanton et al, 2006;Borchardt et al, 2012;Le Guyader et al, 2012;Matthews et al, 2012;Maunula et al, 2009). As a matter of fact, in one of the few studies reporting the molecular epidemiology of NoV in Egypt, 85% among all strains detected in sewage samples were GI, while in clinical samples GI accounted for 29% of the isolates (Kamel et al, 2010).…”