“…In the past century, a combination of drought and increased human water use for agriculture and energy extraction has lowered the groundwater supply of this region (Ashworth, Coker, & Tschirhart, 1997). Many species throughout this region are currently threatened by declining groundwater flows in springs (Konikow, 2013), including the Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus Baird and Girard (Black et al, 2016), and invertebrate taxa such as a diving beetle, Ereboporus naturaconservatus Miller, Gibson and Alarie (Miller, Gibson, & Alarie, 2009), the Socorro isopod Thermosphaeroma thermophilum Richardson (Lang, Shuster, & Houtman, 2012), and several species of gammarid amphipods and hydrobiid springsnails (Brown et al, 2008;Lang et al, 2003). Cryptic invertebrate species are commonly present in desert springs (Brown et al, 2008;Murphy, Breed, Guzik, Cooper, & Austin, 2012), suggesting that the number of imperilled taxa is likely to be even higher than reported.…”