North Korea in 1990: Lonesome Struggle to Keep Chuch'e

Rhee, Sang-Woo

doi:10.2307/2645187

Cited by 13 publications

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“…Put simply, they argue that Castro and Kim's beliefs have not changed and that any post-Cold War behavior is due to external factors (on Castro see Centeno, 1997;Dominguez, 1993Dominguez, , 1997Mesa-Lago, 1993a, 1993bPickel, 1998;Ritter, 1994;Suchlicki, 2000;on Castro and Kim see Mazarr, 1991;on Kim see Ho-yol, 1992;Moon-Young, 1994;Youn, 1999). On the other hand, a second group of scholars, whom we call the "reformist school," argue that the events leading to the end of the Cold War had a significant impact on Castro and Kim; they argue that Castro and Kim have adjusted their beliefs in response to changes in the international system, and furthermore, that post-Cold War behavior is due to altered beliefs (on Castro see Erisman, 2000;Fernández, 1994;Rich-Kaplowitz, 1993;Smith, 1992; on Kim see Kim, 1994;Oh, 1990;Sang-Woo, 1991. In short, these two schools disagree over whether the two leaders have exhibited significant learning.…”

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The Operational Codes of Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung: The Last Cold Warriors?

Malici

2005

Political Psychology

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Although the end of the Cold War brought the transformation of the communist bloc, some states have resisted the ensuing wave of democratization. This study assumes that important mechanisms of continuity and change in communist states are situated in the belief systems of their leaders and that the years between 1985 and 1991 were a catalytic period. What did Fidel Castro of Cuba and Kim Il Sung of North Korea learn from the end of the Cold War? Their belief systems are examined prior to 1985 and after 1991, i.e., before and after the collapse of other communist regimes. If learning has occurred, it should be reflected in a comparison of their beliefs for these time periods. Our results from ANOVA analyses indicate that Fidel Castro engaged in some learning but Kim Il Sung did not. This finding is complemented by the results of a MANOVA analysis, which indicate that the end of the Cold War had only a modest impact on Fidel Castro and Kim Il Sung, independent of their specific personalities. We conclude by drawing attention to the ensuing debate between structural-and agent-level theorizing and by giving some suggestions for future research.

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confidence: 99%