Norway: Submerged Stone Age from a Norwegian Perspective

Glørstad, Håkon; Gundersen, Jostein; Kvalø, Frode; Nymoen, Pål; Simpson, David N.; Skår, Birgitte

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37367-2_6

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…After the Fennoscandian ice sheet covering Norway began to melt during the Last Glacial Maximum ~23,000 years ago, Norway's coastline slowly became inhabited by rich forests and wildlife (Glørstad et al, 2020; Stroeven et al, 2016). Much of the earliest evidence of human settlement, which dates to 10,000 years ago, comes from hunting tools and burial sites found from the southeastern Oslo Fjord all of the way up to Finnmark in the far north (Bang‐Andersen, 2003; Günther et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrilineal diversity and population history of Norwegians

Kristjansson

Bohlin

Jugessur

et al. 2021

American J Phys Anthropol

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Background While well known for its Viking past, Norway's population history and the influences that have shaped its genetic diversity are less well understood. This is particularly true with respect to its demography, migration patterns, and dialectal regions, despite there being curated historical records for the past several centuries. In this study, we undertook an analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within the country to elaborate this history from a matrilineal genetic perspective. Methods We aggregated 1174 partial modern Norwegian mtDNA sequences from the published literature and subjected them to detailed statistical and phylogenetic analysis by dialectal regions and localities. We further contextualized the matrilineal ancestry of modern Norwegians with data from Mesolithic, Iron Age, and historic period populations. Results Modern Norwegian mtDNAs fell into eight West Eurasian (N, HV, JT, I, U, K, X, W), five East Eurasian (A, F, G, N11, Z), and one African (L2) haplogroups. Pairwise analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) estimates for all Norwegians indicated they were differentiated from each other at 1.68% (p < 0.001). Norwegians within the same dialectal region also showed genetic similarities to each other, although differences between subpopulations within dialectal regions were also observed. In addition, certain mtDNA lineages in modern Norwegians were also found among prehistoric and historic period populations, suggesting some level of genetic continuity over hundreds to many thousands of years. Conclusions This analysis of mtDNA diversity provides a detailed picture of the genetic variation within Norway in light of its topography, settlement history, and historical migrations over the past several centuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matrilineal diversity and population history of Norwegians

Kristjansson

Bohlin

Jugessur

et al. 2021

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Burials are also potentially present within the submerged area and are well attested from submerged contexts internationally, including Denmark (Bailey et al 2020), Norway (Glørstad et al 2020;Nymoen and Skar 2011), Sweden (Nilsson et al 2020), Italy (Antonioli et al 1996), Israel (Hershkovitz and Galili 1990) and the USA (Sturt et al 2018). In the Northern Territory, burial practices include cremation, excarnation, tree burial, log coffins, and primary and secondary burials in rockshelters, sand dunes and middens (Allen and Barton 1989;Lowe et al 2014;Meehan 1971;Schrire 1982).…”

Section: Genetic Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence And Modellingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Beneath the Top End: A regional assessment of submerged archaeological potential in the Northern Territory, Australia

McCarthy

Wiseman

Woo

et al. 2021

Australian Archaeology

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Regional-scale assessments have proven to be invaluable frameworks for research, public engagement and management of submerged archaeological landscapes. Regional-scale approaches have been implemented internationally through a variety of academic or strategic studies. Such studies represent a much-needed next step towards sub-regional and site-level prospection to support management, engagement and mitigation of the impacts of offshore development. However, these regional studies are largely absent in Australia. In this article, we build on the recent discovery of submerged archaeological sites in Western Australia and produce a novel regional-scale assessment of submerged archaeological and cultural landscape potential in the coastal and island regions of the Northern Territory. This area is of special significance in the peopling of Australia, containing some of the oldest dated archaeological evidence. We collate and synthesise regional data related to sealevel change, ethnography (e.g. oral traditions), geomorphology, and archaeology, also taking account of logistics and existing data availability to identify prospective areas for further study. We highlight the need for a coordinated national program of regional baseline studies to address a legacy of under-representation of submerged landscapes and provide vital baseline data for a wide spectrum of stakeholders, including researchers, policy makers, environmental and heritage managers, developers and Traditional Owners.

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“…This assumption is sometimes accepted uncritically on the grounds of proximity to the adjacent shoreline and the greater exposure of the shoreline and the intertidal zone to turbulent wave action. However, there are many cases of independently dated sites in the modern intertidal zone in other parts of the world that demonstrably do belong to a pre-inundation land surface, just as there are examples of fully subtidal sites suspected of being displaced from the adjacent land surface and washed into the sea (Bailey, Galanidou, et al, 2020;Bailey, Momber, et al, 2020;Bayón & Politis, 2014;Bicho et al, 2020;Billard et al, 2020;Galanidou et al, 2020;Galili et al, 2020;Glorstad et al, 2020;Jöns et al, 2020;Peeters & Amkreutz, 2020;Pieters et al, 2020;Rossi et al, 2020;Westley & Woodman, 2020). The key issue in every case is not whether artifacts are intertidal or subtidal, but whether they were first discarded by cultural activity on a pre-inundation land surface.…”

Section: Intertidal or Subtidalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wet strawman: A response to Ward et al.

et al. 2022

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Ward et al. (2022) assert in their desktop study that we are "mistaken" in our interpretation of the artifacts at the Cape Bruguières Channel (CBC), Flying Foam Passage (FF), and Dolphin Island (DI) sites as evidence of cultural activity on a pre-inundation land surface (Benjamin et al., 2020 [CBC and FF]; Dortch et al., 2019 [DI]) and that we have failed to take account of local hydrodynamic processes that could have displaced artifacts and moved them over much greater distances than we thought possible. They argue two key points in support: (1) that "these sites are in the intertidal zone" (p. 783) and (2) that "many or all artefacts are likely to have been reworked" (p. 783). | SUPPORTING DATA SETSWard et al. have relied on a hydrodynamic model with a parent 2500 m grid and a smaller nested 500 m grid (Ward et al. supplementary information). From this, they have derived modeled current movements at peak ebb and flood tides and generated a range of hypotheses of possible artifact movement in response to these current flows. They do not model currents at the seabed nor provide a justification for their bed roughness value of 0.0002 m. The smaller 500 m grid is almost five times larger than the width of the CBC reported in Benjamin et al., so there is no way this model could accurately represent current speeds in CBC, yet they still incorporate a grid cell over this site and model the current speed. The DI site reported in Dortch et al. is located within a shallow embayment on the eastern side of the FF and is not even captured in their grid. Large reef areas across the northern archipelago (immediately adjacent to CBC) are also completely unsurveyed. Nevertheless, this area is incorporated into the grid mesh. In their supplementary information, they also refer to RPS data with measured cyclonic current speeds that exceed 2 m/s on the North West Shelf. They do not provide a location for this measurement. Given that the North West Shelf covers an area of over 200,000 km 2 with tidal ranges of more than 10 m in the north, we question how this value is even remotely relevant to the Murujuga sites. It is axiomatic in geoarchaeological studies of underwater archaeological sites that the local conditions most relevant to archaeological site formation and deformation processes can vary over distances of as little as 10 s or 100 s of meters. The model proposed by Ward et al. is too coarse to be useful in contradicting our LETTER TO THE EDITORS

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Norway: Submerged Stone Age from a Norwegian Perspective

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Matrilineal diversity and population history of Norwegians

Matrilineal diversity and population history of Norwegians

Beneath the Top End: A regional assessment of submerged archaeological potential in the Northern Territory, Australia

A wet strawman: A response to Ward et al.

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