Nosocomial or Hospital-acquired Infections: An Overview

McFee, Robin B.

doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.03.014

Cited by 73 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…NIs in pediatric and adult patients differ with respect to the sites of infection and the types of pathogens. In addition, NIs differ by country, region, hospital, and type of units, such as wards or intensive care units (1). There exist many reports on epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive measures for adult NIs.…”

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Nosocomial Infections in the General Pediatric Wards of a Hospital in Turkey

Balaban¹,

Tanır²,

Timur³

et al. 2012

Jpn J Infect Dis

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SUMMARY:The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence, type, and clinical features of nosocomial infections (NIs), their etiological distribution, and the antibiotic resistance patterns of causative organisms in the general pediatric wards of a hospital in Turkey over a 3-year period. The Hospital Infection Control Committee NI surveillance reports were used as a database. NIs were detected in 171 (2.25z) of the 7,594 hospitalized patients. Some of these patients experienced more than 1 episode, and thus, the total NI episodes were 229. Patients' age varied from 1 to 144 months (mean ± standard deviation, 14.5 ± 23.6 months). The NI rate was 3.02z, and the NI density was 3.17/1,000 patient days. The most frequent NIs were lower respiratory system infections, blood stream infections, and urinary tract infections. Gram-negative organisms were the most frequently isolated agents. Of the 171 patients with NIs, 47 (27.5z) died.Nosocomial infections (NIs) are the major causes of prolonged hospital stays, increased costs, the increased resistance of organisms to antimicrobials, and mortality in hospitalized adults and children. NIs in pediatric and adult patients differ with respect to the sites of infection and the types of pathogens. In addition, NIs differ by country, region, hospital, and type of units, such as wards or intensive care units (1). There exist many reports on epidemiology, risk factors, and preventive measures for adult NIs. However, studies that focus on the pediatric population, particularly in developing countries, are limited. For this reason, we investigated the epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical features of NIs in the general wards of a pediatric hospital that does not have a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) facility.Immunocompetent patients who were aged from 1 month to 18 years and had been admitted for miscellaneous diseases and developed a NI between January 2005 and January 2008 in a hospital in Turkey were retrospectively evaluated. The patients who had positive bacterial culture results or had negative culture results but clinical features of infection were included. A positive blood culture that was taken at least 72 h after the preceding positive blood culture was assessed as a new NI episode. The Hospital Infection Control Committee (HICC) NI surveillance reports were used as the database. NIs were defined on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria (2). Crude NI rates were calculated with the following formula: NI rate ＝ (infection number/admitted or discharged patient number) × 100, and NI density was caluculated with the following formula: density ＝ (infection number/patient day) × 1,000 for each year and ward. The ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) rate was calculated with the following formula: VAP rate ＝ (VAP number/mechanical ventilator day) × 1,000. The NIs of each patient were classified according to the infection sites. Standard methods were used for microbiologic, biochemical, and radiologic investigations. Antib...

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Nosocomial Infections in the General Pediatric Wards of a Hospital in Turkey

Balaban¹,

Tanır²,

Timur³

et al. 2012

Jpn J Infect Dis

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“…Nosocomial infections lead to increase human suffering and increase treatment cost. 4 One study showed that death rate associated with HAIs has been elevated to several of top ten leading causes of death in U.S. 15 It had been reported that HAI rate in pediatric oncology department of Aga Khan hospital, Karachi, Pakistan was 3.1 per 100 hospitalized patients. 16 In Liaqat University hospital, Pakistan, the frequency of nosocomial infection was 29.13% in intensive care unit.…”

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“…10 The bacteria that are most commonly HAIs and types of causative agents may vary with in different sections of the same hospital or from hospital to hospital. 4 Generally, nursery department has more frequent and more severe HAIs as newborn infants are more susceptible to infections and another cause may be their prolong hospital stay. 12 Outpatient department (OPD) may also be a source of HAIs especially for the patients undergoing intravenous treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteriological analysis of indoor air of three hospitals in lahore, pakistan

Ishtiaq¹,

Anjum²,

Ijaz³

2017

actapharm

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“…Hospital-acquired infections are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity in humans (19). Nosocomial infections are predominantly associated with microbial biofilm formation on implants or indwelling medical devices.…”

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Novel Biocatalytic Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Coatings as Potential Ureteral Biomaterial: Preparation and In Vitro Performance Evaluation

Dave

Joshi

Venugopalan

2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Catheters and other indwelling devices placed inside human body are prone to bacterial infection, causing serious risk to patients. Infections associated with implants are difficult to resolve, and hence the prevention of bacterial colonization of such surfaces is quite appropriate. In this context, the development of novel antimicrobial biomaterials is currently gaining momentum. We describe here the preparation and antibacterial properties of an enzyme-embedded polycaprolactone (PCL)-based coating, coimpregnated with the antibiotic gentamicin sulfate (GS). The enzyme uses PCL itself as substrate; as a result, the antibiotic gets released at a rate controlled by the degradation of the PCL base. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated sustained release of GS from the PCL film throughout its lifetime. By modulating the enzyme concentration in the PCL film, we were able to vary the lifetime of the coating from 33 h to 16 days. In the end, the polymer is completely degraded, delivering the entire load of the antibiotic. The polymer exhibited antibacterial properties against three test isolates: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Foley urinary catheters coated with the modified polymer exhibited sustained in vitro release of GS over a 60-h period. The results suggest that the antibiotic-plus-enzyme-loaded polymer can be used as tunable self-degrading antimicrobial biomaterial coating on catheters.

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Nosocomial or Hospital-acquired Infections: An Overview

Cited by 73 publications

References 47 publications

Nosocomial Infections in the General Pediatric Wards of a Hospital in Turkey

Nosocomial Infections in the General Pediatric Wards of a Hospital in Turkey

Bacteriological analysis of indoor air of three hospitals in lahore, pakistan

Novel Biocatalytic Polymer-Based Antimicrobial Coatings as Potential Ureteral Biomaterial: Preparation and In Vitro Performance Evaluation

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