Not Everything Is Black and White: Color and Behavioral Variation Reveal a Continuum Between Cryptic and Aposematic Strategies in a Polymorphic Poison Frog

Brenes-Mora, Esteban; Bolaños, Federico; Pröhl, Heike

doi:10.1111/evo.12153

Cited by 51 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…These were then averaged to give us a measurement of perch visibility, which we used as a proxy for visibility to predators. This is similar to work done by Willink et al (2013) and functionally tests the hypothesis that better-defended males use more open territories and sites to advertise. An early pilot study indicated that observing male activity directly was not feasible.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Brighter males on the other hand may be of higher quality, so gain little by choosing a more conspicuous perch relative to the increased risk of predation. This is largely speculative, however, and some work in a related species O. pumilio has shown either the opposite relationship, that more conspicuous morphs are bolder (O. pumilio, Prö hl and Ostrowski, 2011; Oophaga granulifera: Willink et al, 2013), or no relationship at all (Dugas et al, 2015).…”

Section: Qualitative Honesty In An Aposematic Vertebrate 205mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Empirical Test Indicates Only Qualitatively Honest Aposematic Signaling Within a Population of Vertebrates

Stuckert

Saporito

Summers

2018

Journal of Herpetology

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Qualitative Honesty In An Aposematic Vertebrate 205mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Test Indicates Only Qualitatively Honest Aposematic Signaling Within a Population of Vertebrates

Stuckert

Saporito

Summers

2018

Journal of Herpetology

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“…Interestingly, some aposematic species appear to switch between aposematic and cryptic strategies across their distributions. Such geographic variation in warning signals has been documented in the strawberry poison frog (Wang & Shaffer 2008, Brown et al 2010, Rudh 2013 and in a closely related sister species the granulated poison frog (Wang 2011, Willink et al 2013). Many of the best known examples of aposematic species exhibiting geographic variation in warning signals are those involved in mimicry complexes, such as burnet moths (Bovey 1941, Turner 1970, Sbordoni et al 1979 and Heliconius butterflies (Turner 1970, Benson 1972, Brown & Benson 1974, Brower 1996.…”

Section: Geographic Variation For Different Preymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Some of the species found to have geographically varying warning signals include Neotropical Heliconius butterflies (Brown & Benson 1974, Brower 1996, Mallet 2010, ladybird beetles (Creed 1966, Brakefield 1985, Dolenská et al 2009, Blount et al 2012, monarch butterflies (Brower 1958, Davis et al 2005, Davis et al 2012, newts (Mochida 2009, Mochida 2011, poison frogs (Daly & Myers 1967, Savage 1968, Summers et al 2003, Wang & Summers 2010, Wang 2011, Rudh et al 2011, Maan & Cummings 2012, Willink et al 2013, RichardsZawacki et al 2013, Hegna et al 2013b), velvet ants (Wilson et al 2012), alpine leaf beetles (Borer et al 2010), and bumble bees (Plowright & Owen 1980). Interestingly, some aposematic species appear to switch between aposematic and cryptic strategies across their distributions.…”

Section: Geographic Variation For Different Preymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

Hegna

Mappes

2014

Evol Ecol

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Geographic Variation in the WarningSignals of the Wood Tiger Moth (Parasemia plantaginis; Arctiidae)Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ylistönrinteellä, salissa YAA303 marraskuun 8. päivänä 2013 kello 12.Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, Warning signals are not expected to be diverse because they are under stabilizing selection. This dissertation aims to study historic and contemporary selection mechanisms underlying the geographic warning signal diversity in the wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis). In the first study, I explored the variation in hindwing warning color frequencies across the distribution of P. plantaginis and the phylogeography of the species. Males have polymorphic hindwing color (yellow or white) across much of their distribution but turn reddish in the Caucasus and mostly white in Japan, which coincide with mitogenetic divergence. Females vary continuously in hindwing warning color between yellow and red, becoming yellow east of the Ural mountain range, but does not correspond to mitogenetic divergence. Post-glacial isolation may be one contributing factor to the genetic divergence and the hindwing warning signal differences in the Caucasus region. In the second study, I found that thermoregulation benefits of melanin can trade-off with a larger more effective warning signal, which contributes to variation in melanization within Europe. In the third study, I found that forewing patterns function as warning signals and that generalization by predators might play an important role in warning signal diversity along with frequency dependent selection. In the fourth chapter, I found three populations in Japan differing in warning signal traits with some gene flow suggesting both selection and isolation may be underlying causes. Overall, my results suggest that historical and abiotic factors contribute to the observed warning signal diversity in P. plantaginis, rather than predation alone. This adds to our understanding of how historical factors along with environmental heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors can promote warning signal diversity. My results highlight the need to take an integrated approach to studying geographic diversity in warning signals.

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“…Nevertheless, we do know that there are prey populations existing in nature where some individuals are cryptic whilst others are conspicuous (e.g. Andr� es & Rivera, 2001;Sword, 1999;Willink et al, 2013), and our design reflects a scenario where predators may see two phenotypes of the same prey species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of distastefulness and conspicuous coloration on the post-attack rejection behaviour of predators and survival of prey

Halpin

Rowe

2016

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

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Aposematic insects use bright colours and/or distinct markings to advertise their toxins to potential predators. When toxins are bitter-tasting and detectable upon attack, birds are able to use taste when making decisions about whether or not to eat defended prey. Taste-rejection behaviour, when birds taste but do not ingest a prey item, is often assumed to increase the survival of defended prey, yet few empirical studies have investigated the post-attack survival rates of live defended insects. We used na€ ıve domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus) foraging on live waxmoth larvae (Galleria mellonella) in a laboratory setting, where conspicuousness and distastefulness could be controlled and manipulated to investigate the effects of taste-rejection behaviour, as well as the associated handling behaviour, on post-attack survival of prey. We found that being distasteful increased the probability of being rejected by na€ ıve chicks, and taste-rejection behaviour tended to be more frequent when distasteful prey were conspicuous compared with when they were cryptic. Conspicuous coloration also appeared to affect predators' assessment of prey distastefulness, with past experience strongly influencing the probability that conspicuous (but not cryptic) prey were rejected. However, in contrast to previous findings, there was no evidence that either distastefulness or conspicuousness altered how predators handled the prey before making a decision about whether or not to eat it, in any way that enhanced prey survival post-attack. Therefore, tasterejection behaviour appears to be a useful measure of prey survival. Our results provide novel insights into the potential importance of signal conspicuousness for prey populations with variable defences, and highlight the need to consider the role of taste-rejection behaviour in mimicry dynamics.

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Not Everything Is Black and White: Color and Behavioral Variation Reveal a Continuum Between Cryptic and Aposematic Strategies in a Polymorphic Poison Frog

Cited by 51 publications

References 65 publications

An Empirical Test Indicates Only Qualitatively Honest Aposematic Signaling Within a Population of Vertebrates

An Empirical Test Indicates Only Qualitatively Honest Aposematic Signaling Within a Population of Vertebrates

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

The effect of distastefulness and conspicuous coloration on the post-attack rejection behaviour of predators and survival of prey

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