Note on angle-preserving mappings

Pain Relief, Prescription Drugs, and Prosecution: A Four-State Survey of Chief Prosecutors

“…45 Consequently, this study assesses what prosecutors' policy views are in the context of pain relief and prescription drugs. Because it would be virtually impossible to determine the likelihood of prosecution without regard to the people and dynamics in the administration of justice, our next section focuses on prosecutors in general and local prosecutors in particular.…”

Providing Relief to Those in Pain: A Retrospective on the Scholarship and Impact of the Mayday Project

“…95 Such cooperative arrangements between agencies or "split enforcement" models have posed challenges in other contexts. 96 In some instances, Congress has decided against consolidating authority in a single administrative agency to counteract the tendency toward tunnel vision in regulatory decisions, or it has established a separate watchdog group for an agency, 97 as it did when assigning the responsibility for accident investigations to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which often criticizes the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for taking inadequate steps to improve safety. 98 In other instances, the division of authority over a field between multiple agencies does not reflect any purposeful design but instead an accident of history that subsequently leads to calls for consolidation.…”

“…88 Four years later, researcher Ann Alpers reviewed published material in an effort to analyze "what actions have put physicians or nurses at risk for criminal investigation or prosecution in connection with their care of dying patients, particularly their management of pain." 89 Professor Alpers found that there were no systematic efforts by any state or local government to target health care providers or dying patients for routine investigation or review. The treatment of terminal pain is never investigated unless someone knowledgeable about the treatment informs either a hospital supervisor, an ethics committee, or a local prosecutor.…”

“…Moreover, prosecutors often have to rely on informants to flag their cases since "the criminal justice system plays a passive role in policing physician behavior." 97 Consequently, we were curious if prosecutors would recommend investigation of the physician (known to have a chilling effect on opioid dispensing), refer the matter to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), or refer the matter to the state medical board in lieu of investigation or prosecution.…”

“…The FDA previously had approved methaqualone for treating insomnia, which concededly gave the drug a currently accepted use in treatment, but Congress concluded that methaqualone offered no advantages over other products that posed less of a risk of abuse. 89 For that reason, Congress directed the DEA to reschedule the drug and the FDA to withdraw its NDA. 90 Although this did not alter the statutory criteria generally applicable to scheduling decisions, the legislative rescheduling of methaqualone arguably set a troublesome precedent.…”