Notice of Retraction: Strip Waveguide With High Diffusion-Doped Concentration

Abstract

We report a Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 strip waveguide with high diffusion-doped surface Er 3+ concentration. The waveguide was fabricated with a technological process in sequence of preparation of noncongruent, Li-deficient LiNbO 3 substrate by performing Li-poor vapor transport equilibration treatment on a congruent Z-cut LiNbO 3 plate, diffusion of 40-nm-thick Er metal film, and fabrication of 8-µm-wide Ti-diffused strip waveguide. The waveguide retains the LiNbO 3 phase and shows the waveguiding characteristics similar to the conventional Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguide. Secondary ion mass spectrometry study shows that the Er 3+ diffusion reservoir was exhausted and the profile is Gaussian with a surface concentration two times larger than that of the conventional Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 waveguide. The waveguide shows stable 1547-nm small-signal enhancement under the 1480-nm pumping without serious optical damage observed, and a 5-dB signal enhancement is obtained for the available coupled pump power of only 90 mW. A saturated net gain as much as 5 dB/cm is predicted theoretically.Index Terms-Ti:Er:LiNbO 3 waveguide, Er 3+ diffusiondoping, high Er 3+ concentration.

2015 Atomic Spectrometry Update – a review of advances in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and their applications

“…At the Advanced Photon Source (APS) in Argonne IL, USA a suite of new beamlines was developed to study materials and devices across many length scales and under various conditions. Zhang et al 51 described a novel efficient off-line sample positioning system for the hard m-XRF beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The authors gave examples covering: material systems including inorganic and organic photovoltaic systems, advanced battery systems, fuel cell components, nanoelectronic devices and advanced building materials.…”

“…Using the APS nano-diffraction beamline Manickaraj et al 50 unveiled through the use of nano XRD and XRF elemental mapping, that contrary to popular belief, Sr did not seem to interfere with the Twin Plane Re-entrant edge growth mechanism of eutectic silicon, but evolved as the Al 2 Si 2 Sr phase during the eutectic reaction at the boundary between the eutectic Si and Al grains. Zhang et al 51 described a novel efficient off-line sample positioning system for the hard m-XRF beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The system comprised an off-line sample microscope, the on-line sample experiment system and a high precision positioning holder.…”

Enhancement of near-infrared photoluminescence in Mg:Er:LiNbO3 containing Au nanoparticles synthesized by direct ion implantation

“…Lithium niobate doping with Er (Mg:Er:LiNbO 3, Mg:Er:LN) is one of the most widely used multifunctional optical crystals, which enables the combination of the optical activity of Er ions with the excellent properties of LN such as non-linearity, electrooptic effect and acousto-opticeffect [1,2]. Mg:Er:LN wafers or waveguides have been widely used as platforms for optical amplification or lasing, in which all of the optical components are fabricated and directly integrated on a single chip to build an all-optical communication network [3,4]. As an optical functional device material Mg:Er:LN is strongly dependent on the emission efficiency of Er in it.…”