Nouns, verbs and flexibles: implications for typologies of word classes

Morpho-Semantic of Predicate in Indonesian

“…Table 3 shows that the predicate is filled by adjective phrase sangat lesu 'very weak' in (12), masih buka 'still open' in (13), benar-benar steril 'completely sterile' at (15), harus jelas 'must be clear' in (16), and adjective sakit 'sick' in (14), takut 'scare' in (17). All the adjective predicates require one argument that functions as the subject of the sentence.…”

Syntax–Semantics Interface

“…This follows from the definition of elementary word: a minimal unit of language understood (but not necessary used) outside context (Luuk, 2010). This follows from the definition of elementary word: a minimal unit of language understood (but not necessary used) outside context (Luuk, 2010).…”

“…For example, the finite verb or flexible (see Luuk, 2010) is the head of the clause and the clause predicate, suggesting that the head may be determined by the semantic predicate-argument structure. The essence of a head-dependent relation is that in combining two linguistic units (e.g., in a word or phrase), one of them 'projects' or starts governing the other (although it may be not easy to determine which one).…”

Symbol and its evolution

“…There is no general agreement as to whether 'verb' is in fact universal in modern languages (or how to define it -Himmelmann, 2007;Luuk, 2010).5 Pidgins, which are not full blown languages, are a possible exception.6 For simplicity, I assume the null hypothesis (proposed byLordkipanidze et al, 2013) that H. habilis, H. ergaster and H. rudolfensis belong to a single evolving lineage of H. erectus.…”