Nové prístupy k hodnoteniu procesu populačného starnutia a ich aplikácia v prípade Slovenska a Európy

Abstract

New approaches to assessing the population ageing process and their application for Slovakia and EuropePopulation ageing is one of the most important phenomenon of the 21st century. This is especially true for the Slovak population. According to almost all population projections and analyzes, the population ageing process of Slovakia will become more dynamic in the next few years. All these studies of population ageing focus on only one characteristic of peopletheir chronological age. Many important characteristics do not depend on the number of lived years, but on the number of years that a person will live. A new set of indicators of population ageing are based on the concept of prospective age. In comparison to traditional measures they do not use the number of years a person has already lived, but the number of years that a person will probably live. The main aim of this paper is to present the new concept of a prospective age and to introduce new indicators that enable us to analyze the process of population ageing in a new dimension. Supplementing chronological age with an approach that takes into account the changing life expectancy allows us to analyze ageing more comprehensively and more accurately. Key words: pr ospective age, demogr aphic ageing, new appr oaches to population ageing, life expectancy adjusted measures, Slovakia ÚVOD Populačné starnutie predstavuje bezprecedentný proces, ktorý nemá v histórii ľudstva obdobu (UN 2001). Stalo sa dôležitou sociálnou, ekonomickou, zdravotníckou a dokonca aj kultúrnou témou v dôsledku rozsahu svojich dosahov a svojej takmer univerzálnej prítomnosti (Lutz et al. 2008a). Špecifická kombinácia klesajúcej úmrtnosti a plodnosti viedla k zrýchleniu starnutia obyvateľstva vo väčšine spoločností vrátane rozvojových krajín (Lutz et al. 2008b). Podľa správy World Population Ageing 2015 (UN 2015) v podstate každá krajina na svete čelí nárastu počtu a podielu starších osôb v populácii. Proces populačného starnutia sa stáva jedným z najvýznamnejších spoločenských transformačných javov 21. storočia s vplyvom takmer na všetky sektory spoločnosti (UN 2015), preto je často aj odbornou verejnosťou vnímaný ako fenomén či kľúčová otázka nového milénia (napr. Gavrilov a Heuveline 2003 a Lutz et al. 2008b).Podobne aj na Slovensku sa populačné starnutie stalo jednou z ústredných tém nielen demografie, geodemografie, sociológie, ekonómie, ale aj ďalších viac či menej príbuzných vedných disciplín. Rovnako veľkú pozornosť tejto otázke venujú médiá a často je diskutovaná aj v širšej verejnosti. Pri určitom zovšeobecnení však

Labour Market Disadvantages Faced by Migrant Workers from Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia in Britain

“…The Czech Republic is the traditional destination of Slovaks due to their common historical, linguistic, cultural and geographic proximity and favourable regulatory policies among the countries. The number of Slovaks working in Hungary is also estimated to be around 20,000, with more than 13,000 workers commuting to work from Slovakia to Hungary daily (Bolečeková et al, 2018;Šprocha et al, 2018;Vasylieva and Samusevych, 2018). OECD estimates indicated that between 2004 and 2010, on average about 10,000 Czech nationals returned home compared to 13,000 Slovaks and 22,000 Hungarians (Zaiceva and Zimmermann, 2016).…”

Labor Mobility of Foreigners in Slovak Republic

“…The short-term goal of the Strategy is to adopt temporary, extraordinary (hot-fix) measures to address the current shortage of skilled labor at Slovak labor market, with a view to later considering the need to maintain the extraordinary measures taken, given the current needs of the labor market or the current number of foreigners in Slovakia (Klamár & Gavaľová, 2018;Sirkeci & Přívara, 2017;Šprocha et al, 2018).…”