Novel Accelerated Penetration Extraction for Polyphenol Extraction from Pomegranate Skins: Utilization of Fick’s Law

Abstract

Pomegranate was a popular fruit, and the pomegranate skins (PS) contained abundant polyphenols. In this article, a novel method based on Fick’s law, accelerated penetration extraction (APE), was developed for the first time for polyphenol recovery from PS, which aimed at precipitating the polyphenols with Ca2+ in alkaline conditions to elevate the concentration gradient between the cell and solution, thus promoting the further penetration of polyphenols to solution. Under the optimal conditions of 8 mg/mL of CaCl2 and 3 mg/mL of NaOH of APE, the highest polyphenol yield of 113.5 mg GAE/g was obtained, higher than solvent extraction (SE, 92.9 mg GAE/g) by 21.6%. The comparisons of SE and APE were performed, including the polyphenol yields, UV–vis spectra, composition analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and DPPH-scavenging ability. Results showed that APE was non-selective, almost all kinds of polyphenols could be precipitated by alkaline Ca2+, and the antioxidation of polyphenols could not be affected by APE. In addition, the mechanisms were discussed based on the mass transfer principle. Results indicated that APE was non-selective, efficient, easily operated, and promising in PS disposal and polyphenol extraction. Most importantly, the application of APE exploited the different concept with other methods to enhance the extraction process.

Recent Progress in Microneedles‐Mediated Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic Systems

“…Passive drug release simply utilizes the concentration gradient to drive the drugs into the skin through the punctured microchannels created by the MNs (from higher to lower concentrations) according to Fick's law of diffusion. [ 176 ] Compared with traditional transdermal drug delivery, the skin permeability can be significantly enhanced due to the existence of punctured microchannels created by MNs, but their pharmacological behaviors via skin are not controllable during the drug release. [ 177 ] Additionally, the delivery efficiency (e.g., the permeability and release rate of drugs) is usually limited by their drug physicochemical properties, drug concentration, the self‐healing ability of skin, and hydrated state of skin.…”

Simultaneous Determination of Fifteen Polyphenols in Fruit Juice Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Combining Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction

“…In the last 20 years, many different approaches and processes have been investigated and used for the enrichment of polyphenols from fruit-based materials such as solvent extraction [ 21 ], microwave-assisted extraction [ 22 ], biological enzymatic hydrolysis [ 23 ], accelerated penetration extraction [ 24 ], and ultrasonic-assisted extraction [ 25 ]. Among these methods, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been successfully used in the extraction of polyphenols from many different matrices, owing to its advantages including lower temperature requirements, less use of solvents, improving the diffusion, solubilisation, and extraction efficiency of the targeted compounds [ 26 ].…”