Novel advances in understanding fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors and their roles in controlling energy balance

Abstract

Diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic diseases have been recognized as the main factors that endanger human health worldwide. Most of these metabolic syndromes develop when the energy balance in the body is disrupted. Energy balance depends upon the systemic regulation of food intake, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Fatty acid–binding G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues and cells involved in energy homeostasis regulation. In this review, the distribution and biological functions of fatty acid–binding GPCRs are summarized, particularly with respect to the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue. A systematic understanding of the physiological functions of the fatty acid–binding GPCRs involved in energy homeostasis regulation will help in identifying novel pharmacological targets for metabolic diseases.

Maternal sodium acetate supplementation promotes lactation performance of sows and their offspring growth performance

“…GPR41 and GPR43 have been identified as SCFA receptors in recent years. GPR43 is coupled to G αi and G αq , while GPR41 only coupled to G αi ( Flodgren et al., 2007 ; Tian et al., 2022b ). It is worth noting that, the activity of mTORC1 is inhibited after the specific activation of G αs by AKAP13, which implies that activation of G αi can inversely increase the activity of mTORC1 ( Zhang et al., 2021 ).…”

Glyceryl butyrate attenuates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal inflammation in piglets by inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK pathways and modulating the gut microbiota

“…47 In addition, butyric acid is a natural ligand of GPR41 (free fatty acid receptor 3, FFA3) and GPR43 (FFA2), which can mediate the sensor PPAR-γ to regulate transcriptional processes and ultimately regulate intestinal tight junction and defensin synthesis. 48 In summary, the addition of glyceryl butyrate to the diet enriched the abundant beneficial flora in the piglet gut, thereby enhancing piglets' intestinal barrier function and reducing the occurrence of inflammation.…”

Sodium acetate regulates milk fat synthesis through the activation of GPR41/GPR43 signaling pathway

“…GPR41 and GPR43 have been identified as SCFA receptors in recent years. GPR43 initiates signal transduction by activating G αi /G αq pathway, while GPR41 initiates signal transduction by activating the G αi pathway ( 13 , 14 ). One of the crucial downstream of GPCR is the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).…”