Novel and revisited approaches in nanoparticle systems for buccal drug delivery

Abstract

The buccal route is considered patient friendly due to its non-invasive nature and ease of administration. Such delivery route has been used as an alternative for the delivery of drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism or are susceptible to pH and enzymatic degradation, such as occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the drug concentration absorbed in the buccal mucosa is often low to obtain an acceptable therapeutic effect, mainly due to the saliva turnover, tongue and masticatory movements, phonation, enzymatic degradation and lack of epithelium permeation.Therefore, the encapsulation of drugs into nanoparticles is an important strategy to avoid such problems and improve their buccal delivery. Different materials from lipids to natural or synthetic polymers and others have been used to protect and deliver drugs in a sustained, controlled or targeted manner, and enhance their uptake through the buccal mucosa improving their bioavailability and therapeutic outcome. Overall, the main aim of this review is to perform an overview about the nanotechnological approaches developed so far to improve the buccal delivery of drugs. Herein, several types of nanoparticles and delivery strategies are addressed, and a special focus on pipeline products is also given.

A mussel-inspired film for adhesion of wet buccal tissue and efficient buccal drug delivery

“…After h, the films in group C and group D were removed. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus at different time points (1,2,4,8,12, and h) and were centrifuged at rpm for 10 min to obtain the plasma. Then the plasma samples collected were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) to measure Dex levels.…”

“…Every day, millions of patients across the globe are subjected to undesirable side-effects caused by high dosages of drugs via oral route 1 or a fear of injections 2 . An estimated of over 80% patients are suffering from severe needle phobia 2 .…”

“…An estimated of over 80% patients are suffering from severe needle phobia 2 . Buccal drug delivery, which is non-invasive, painless and convenient, offers superb advantages over the oral and parenteral formulations 1 . By avoiding enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract as well as first-pass hepatic metabolism [3][4][5] , delivery of drugs via buccal mucosa would markedly improve patient experience and disease outcomes.…”

“…Mussel, which is well known for its remarkable underwater adhesion ability in addition to its biocompatibility, is a potential ideal tissue adhesive in the biological field [15][16][17][18][19] . In addition, nanoparticles (NPs) have shown superb advantages on improved navigation through the mucus and epithelium barrier and could be tuned to display a controlled or sustained release behavior [20][21][22][23] . Therefore, the use of strong tissue adhesive combined with NPs as drug carriers is a good strategy to overcome the limitations associated with buccal administration route.…”

Amorphous Ropinirole-Loaded Mucoadhesive Buccal Film: A Potential Patient-Friendly Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic Profile and Effectiveness

“…The administration of these formulations benefits from the great advantages of the buccal route, such as its non-invasive nature and ease of administration. Additionally, the buccal route has been shown to be an effective alternative to the traditional oral one, especially in the following cases: (i) fast onset of action is required (drugs can be rapidly and directly absorbed into systemic circulation via venous drainage to the superior vena cava); (ii) patients have swallowing difficulties as in late-stage PD; (iii) patients have severe gastric motility deficiencies so that medicines rest for hours in the stomach leading to no-on or delayed-on effects, as in late-stage PD; (iv) administration of drugs susceptible to pH and enzymatic degradation, such as occurs in the gastrointestinal tract; (v) administration of drugs that undergo high first-pass hepatic metabolism [4,7,8].…”