Novel antioxidants from cashew nut shell liquid applied to gasoline stabilization☆

Dantas, Tereza Neuma de Castro; Dantas, Michelle Sinara Gregório; Neto, Afonso Avelino Dantas; D'Ornellas, C.V; Queiroz, LL

doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(03)00073-5

Cited by 44 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…At present, the only ASTM tests available for stability prediction are the D 525 induction period and the D 873 accelerated gum methods [26,51]. The D 381 air jet gum should, of course, be mentioned since it is part of Method D 873 and is the factor that ostensibly correlates gasoline quality with expected performance in the engine [26,51,52]. Test Methods D 525 and D 873 are both runs at unrealistically high temperatures (212 F) compared to field conditions under which gasoline is stored [24,26,49,52].…”

Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The D 381 air jet gum should, of course, be mentioned since it is part of Method D 873 and is the factor that ostensibly correlates gasoline quality with expected performance in the engine [26,51,52]. Test Methods D 525 and D 873 are both runs at unrealistically high temperatures (212 F) compared to field conditions under which gasoline is stored [24,26,49,52]. The preferable induction system deposit (ISD) gum ratings on fuels stored at 110 F as a much better, although more time-consuming, method of predicting gum stability [24,33,53].…”

Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The preferable induction system deposit (ISD) gum ratings on fuels stored at 110 F as a much better, although more time-consuming, method of predicting gum stability [24,33,53]. Another criticism that can be made [54] against Method D 525 is that it favors antioxidants that are effective under the D 525 test conditions but which are not necessarily the best stabilizing agents for types of gasoline under actual processing and storage conditions [52,55]. Method D 525, therefore, tends to overlook the hindered phenols as antioxidants, whereas based on actual storage stability data found some of them very effective [40,54,56].…”

Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preventing Gasoline Thermal Decomposition

Koyunoğlu

2021

Uluslararası Yakıtlar Yanma Ve Yangın Dergisi

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The trouble of reducing induction system deposition has afflicted the refining market periodically given that the very early twenties when thermal breaking started to be utilized. Control of the deposit-forming properties of types of gasoline by ingredients as well as via methods techniques ended up being a crucial component of petroleum handling, and also it has played an essential function in enabling the development in fuels that have been so required for today's high-compression engines. During the period from the early twenties to the present, the problem has varied considerably in severity and in the manner in which it has been manifested. The initial surge of trouble associated with thermal cracking was eliminated first by chemical processing and finally by the use of additives. This occurrence of the problem was almost entirely attributed to preformed gums, which frequently exceeded 50 mg per 100 ml. With the advent of catalytic cracking, stability problems were made more complex by the introduction of new types of hydrocarbons and larger quantities of nonhydrocarbon constituents, particularly of the oxygenated type frequently referred to as acid oils. These compounds gave false indications of stability in accelerated tests and for a time were considered to be beneficial as oxidation inhibitors. For this reason, the caustic treating processes used for sulfur removal were designed so that these compounds were allowed to remain in the finished gasoline. In the introduction part of the review, the issues of determining the effect of the residue in gasoline on the channels through which gasoline passes are discussed. In the second part, the effect of commercial antioxidants on the combustion stability of gasoline is examined. Determination of new methods and features related to future methods by examining the researches carried out today. The most important topic was the part where the effects of gumming on engine accents and other parts of gasoline during combustion are explained.

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Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Possible Effects Of Current Research On Future Methods and Specifications Due To Gasoline Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preventing Gasoline Thermal Decomposition

Koyunoğlu

2021

Uluslararası Yakıtlar Yanma Ve Yangın Dergisi

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“…Cardanol and its phosphorylated derivatives substantially increase the antioxidant properties for biodiesel, gasoline, and mineral oils such as NH10 and NH20. [12][13][14] They are biodegradable and abundantly available in nature at a relatively lower cost. They are used widely in various applications, such as "surfactants, surface coatings, paints, adhesives, foams, resins, foundry core oil binder, flame retardant plasticizer for plastics, and as monomers for polymer synthesis."…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cardanol and its phosphorylated derivatives substantially increase the antioxidant properties for biodiesel, gasoline, and mineral oils such as NH10 and NH20. 12 –14 They are biodegradable and abundantly available in nature at a relatively lower cost. They are used widely in various applications, such as “surfactants, surface coatings, paints, adhesives, foams, resins, foundry core oil binder, flame retardant plasticizer for plastics, and as monomers for polymer synthesis.” 15 –24 However, physical addition of cardanol/PCP during rubber compounding causes shredding, migration, evaporation, and degradation to some extent leading to deterioration of thermo-mechanical properties of the rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical modification of nitrile rubber in the latex stage by functionalizing phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer: A bio-based plasticizer and a renewable resource

Samantarai

Nag

Singh

et al. 2018

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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The present investigation deals with the functionalization of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) by chemically grafting phosphorylated cardanol prepolymer (PCP) onto its backbone chain. The grafting of PCP onto NBR was accomplished in the latex stage successfully using benzoyl peroxide as the free radical initiator. The functionalized NBR (PCP-g-NBR) is characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. PCP-g-NBR exhibited an increase in molecular weight (4.4%) with an increase in the polydispersity. The grafting parameters have been optimized using "Taguchi L 9 table" and the optimum conditions were found to be "3 phr of initiator concentration, 15 phr of the PCP concentration, reaction temperature of 70 C and reaction time of 6 h." The percentage grafting and grafting efficiency were calculated to be 7.28 and 80.37%, respectively, under optimum processing conditions. The PCP-g-NBR exhibited a reduction in Wallace plasticity number as well as the Mooney viscosity and an enhanced plasticity retention index (PRI) as compared to neat NBR. The rheological measurements exhibited a higher flow behavior index for PCP-g-NBR than the NBR itself. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis results exhibited a decrease in glass transition temperature on functionalization of NBR confirming enhanced plasticization. Thermogravimetric

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