Novel antizyme gene in Danio rerio expressed in brain and retina

Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding antizyme mRNAs from yeast and protists to humans: close to 300 cases reveal remarkable diversity despite underlying conservation

“…Mammals and most other vertebrates have a second antizyme, antizyme 2 (60,69,70). Like antizyme 1, it is widely distributed in different tissues, but is expressed at lower levels.…”

“…The gene, called A nti Z yme in R etina (AZR), as the name implies, is expressed in the retinal ganglion layer but also in brain and to a lesser extent in segmented muscle cells (70). …”

Genetic Mapping of the Ornithine Decarboxylase <i>(odc)</i> Gene Complex in Rainbow Trout <i>(Oncorhynchus mykiss)</i>

“…In mammals, 3 different antizymes of odc have been identified ( oaz1 , oaz2 and oaz3 ) [Tosaka et al, 2000], although to date, a homolog of the testicular-specific oaz3 [Ivanov et al, 2007] has not been identified in fishes. Under increasing concentrations of polyamines, antizyme production is induced, which in turn binds to ODC monomers preventing their functional dimerization [Yuan et al, 2001].…”

“…This complex also forms a target for degradation by the 26S proteasome complex, and is one of the few genes that does not require ubiquination for activation by this complex [Coffino, 2001]. Both isoforms have been reported to be active in degradation of ODC in zebrafish (Danio rerio) [Ivanov et al, 2007]; however, only OAZ1 catalyzes the process, while OAZ2 is the prevalent protein involved in the regulation of intercellular polyamine transport [Zhu et al, 1999].…”

“…Rainbow trout have also undergone multiple rounds of whole genome duplication events in their evolutionary history (4R derivatives), and as such, retain increased signatures of duplicated genes among the homeologous (most recently duplicated) chromosome arms in their genomes Rexroad et al, 2008]. In this study, we investigated the genomic locations of duplicated odc , oaz1 , oaz2 , and azin genes in this species, which are largely found as single copies in other vertebrate species, with the exception of the oaz genes, where multiple forms have been identified in some fishes [Ivanov et al, 2007]. Furthermore, these genes localize to major quantitative trait locus (QTL) blocks that have been identified in rainbow trout for traits such as growth, early maturation, developmental rate, and female spawn timing.…”