Novel Approach Through the Harmonized Sulfur in Disordered Carbon Structure for High-Efficiency Sodium-Ion Exchange

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) have recently attracted considerable interest due to the plentiful supply of raw materials for their production and their electrochemical behavior, which is similar to that of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). However, the relatively larger radius of sodium ions than that of lithium ions is not suitable for storage in conventional graphite, which is widely used as the anode. To resolve this issue, in this study, we developed a new harmonized carbon material with a three-dimensional (3D) grapevine-like structure and a sulfur component using an efficient synthesis process. On the basis of these advantages, the harmonized sulfur− carbon material exhibited a highly reversible capacity of 146 mA h g −1 at an extremely high specific current of 100 A g −1 and long-term galvanostatic cycling stability at 10 and 100 A g −1 with superior electrochemical performance. Our results are anticipated to provide new insights into SiB anode materials that would advance their production.

Insights into Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Via a Dominant Two-Electron-Transfer Process on Sulfur-Doped Disordered Carbon

“…Overall, the S T C-P contained well-formed even particles (Figure S2), and entangled primary particles with sizes ranging from 20–30 nm can be observed from the TEM image, forming a three-dimensional (3D) grapevine-like shape; some broadly extended forms of approximately 50–100 nm are also identified, as shown in Figure a. In particular, these extended forms are distinguished from S T C-P 500 in our previous study Figure b shows the HRTEM image, in which the primary particles are composed of numerous entangled sheets that are partially stacked and intertwined; the gap between these sheets is approximately 0.35 nm.…”

“…In particular, these extended forms are distinguished from S T C-P 500 in our previous study. 22 Figure 3b shows the HRTEM image, in which the primary particles are composed of numerous entangled sheets that are partially stacked and intertwined; the gap between these sheets is approximately 0.35 nm. This morphological finding is complementary to the XRD analysis.…”

Effect of doped heteroatom on monolayer SnSe2 adsorption of Na

“…Due to sodium-ion batteries' large radius of sodium ions (0.102 nm), their embedding and detachment between graphite layers will cause irreversible damage to the graphite laminar structure, and the cycling performance is abysmal. Therefore, graphite materials are unsuitable for sodium-ion battery anodes [20][21][22]. Based on the above problems, it is necessary to develop other anode materials with higher capacity and longer life to meet the demand for developing the next generation of new sodium-ion batteries.…”

3D Carbon Networks: Design and Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Li + : 6.94 g/mol) commonly restrict the fast Na + diffusion kinetics and cause a high potential barrier for intercalating into the electrode materials [11] . Another critical issue is that the process of sodiation tends to cause a large volume change, which is easy to bring irreversible damage to the structure of electrode materials caused by collapse and crushing, resulting in poor electrochemical performance [1c,12] . These fatal shortcomings restrict the straightforward implementation of LIBs anode materials to the SIBs system, and narrow the selection range of electrode materials that can be applied for commercialization of SIBs [9a] .…”