Novel approaches for periodontal tissue engineering

Abstract

Summary The periodontal complex involves the hard and soft tissues which support dentition, comprised of cementum, bone, and the periodontal ligament (PDL). Periodontitis, a prevalent infectious disease of the periodontium, threatens the integrity of these tissues and causes irreversible damage. Periodontal therapy aims to repair and ultimately regenerate these tissues toward preserving native dentition and improving the physiologic integration of dental implants. The PDL contains multipotent stem cells, which have a robust capacity to differentiate into various types of cells to form the PDL, cementum, and alveolar bone. Selection of appropriate growth factors and biomaterial matrices to facilitate periodontal regeneration are critical to recapitulate the physiologic organization and function of the periodontal complex. Herein, we discuss the current state of clinical periodontal regeneration including a review of FDA‐approved growth factors. We will highlight advances in preclinical research toward identifying additional growth factors capable of robust repair and biomaterial matrices to augment regeneration similarly and synergistically, ultimately improving periodontal regeneration's predictability and long‐term efficacy. This review should improve the readers' understanding of the molecular and cellular processes involving periodontal regeneration essential for designing comprehensive therapeutic approaches.

Microbial Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) Scaffold for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

“…Tissue engineering has been employed to regenerate the lost periodontal tissues and restore both structure and function. In this regard, three dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds represent important components for tissue engineering as a supporting material for cell proliferation or differentiation before being applied to repair the damaged area [ 3 , 4 ]. Scaffolds provide attachment sites and structural guidance for cells that enable them to synthesize appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and ultimately proliferate into functional tissues [ 5 ].…”

A Review of Novel Strategies for Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell Ex Vivo Expansion: Are They an Evidence-Based Promise for Regenerative Periodontal Therapy?

“…Furthermore, when hPDLSCs are cultured, they showed positive expression for the mesenchymal markers CD73, CD90, CD105, CD29, CD44, CD146 and CD166, and negative expression of monocyte (CD14) and hematopoietic (CD34, and CD45) markers, endothelial marker CD31 and adhe-sion markers CD66, CD144, and CD171. This immunophenotype profile, recognized as a hallmark of multipotency, highlights the differentiation potential of hPDLSCs into various lineages such as chondrocytes, neural cells, cardiomyocytes, and mostly osteoblasts and cementoblasts which are implied in sustaining the formation of new bone [18][19][20]. In addition, hPDLSCs exert a strong paracrine capacity by releasing several angiogenic, mitogenic, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative factors, which together are proposed as the main mechanisms in regulating tissue repair upon MSC transplantation [16,[21][22][23][24][25].…”

Regenerative Approaches in Gingival Tissue Engineering

“…The choice of cell source for gingival tissue engineering warrants careful consideration of several criteria [25]:…”