Novel Bionanocellulose/κ-Carrageenan Composites for Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Featured Application: Bionanocellulose/κ-carrageenan composites developed within this study meet the specific tissue engineering requirements, including high tensile and compression strength, water holding capacity, and water retention ratio, suitable swelling properties as well as the positive effect on cell differentiation. As the key properties of these composites may be easily modified during their fabrication, the established procedure may lead to the production of customized scaffolds.Abstract: In this work, novel bacterial cellulose/κ-carrageenan (BNC/κ-Car) composites, being potential scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE), and outperforming the two polymers when used as scaffolds separately, were for the first time obtained using an in situ method, based on the stationary culture of bacteria Komagateibacter xylinus E25. The composites were compared with native BNC in terms of the morphology of fibers, chemical composition, crystallinity, tensile and compression strength, water holding capacity, water retention ratio and swelling properties. Murine chondrogenic ATDC5 cells were applied to assess the utility of the BNC/κ-Car composites as potential scaffolds. The impact of the composites on the cells viability, chondrogenic differentiation, and expression patterns of Col1α1, Col2α1, Runx2, and Sox9, which are indicative of ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation, was determined. None of the composites obtained in this study caused the chondrocyte hypertrophy. All of them supported the differentiation of ATDC5 cells to more chondrogenic phenotype.

Comparative study on the physical entrapment of soy and mushroom proteins on the durability of bacterial cellulose bio‐leather

“…BC-glycerol had the highest change in the distance of the loop among all samples. This is because glycerol itself could act as a plasticizer that improves the flexibility of BC (Cielecka et al 2019). The original BC had some cracks when it was bent into a loop, and it had very low change in the distance of the loop.…”

Glycerol-plasticized bacterial nanocellulose-based composites with enhanced flexibility and liquid sorption capacity

“…The BNC, BNC-CMC and BNC-HEC membranes, either treated with 2.5 and 10% v/v glycerol or not, were examined for tensile strength using a universal testing machine (Zwick/Roell Z1.0, Germany) according to (Cielecka et al 2018). Before the tensile tests, an excess of water attached to BNC and BNC-based nanocomposites was removed by pressing until 1 mm thickness was achieved.…”

“…The first polysaccharide studied was carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which was found to delay the aggregation of cellulose molecules (Ben-Hayyim and Ohad 1965). Other examples of polymers which can form hydrogen bonds with cellulose chains and this way reduce the strength of noncovalent interactions between cellulose microfibrils and alter the assembly pattern of BNC fibres are polysaccharides like pectin, sodium alginate, chitin, agar (Dayal and Catchmark 2016), r-carrageenan (Cielecka et al 2018), hyaluronic acid (Li et al 2015), hydroxyethylcellulose (Zhou et al 2009), exopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli (Liu and Catchmark 2018), water soluble exopolysaccharides from Gluconacetobacter xylinus (Fang and Catchmark 2014), and hemicelluloses (Uhlin et al1995). Also Aloe vera gel pulp, gel extract and polysaccharide fraction (Godinho et al 2016), poly(ethylene glycol) (Hessler and Klemm 2009) and gelatin (Chen et al 2014) have the similar impact.…”

Effect of ethanol supplementation on the transcriptional landscape of bionanocellulose producer Komagataeibacter xylinus E25

“…Bacterial cellulose (bionanocellulose, BNC) has a wide range of possible applications in various sectors of biotechnology, medicine, and industry due to its outstanding mechanical properties, high chemical purity (lack of lignin and hemicellulose), biocompatibility, and biodegradability (Cacicedo et al 2016; Gama et al 2016; Ludwicka et al 2018). Another advantage of BNC for industrial applications is that its physical properties can be modified during cultivation, such as by the use of water-soluble and insoluble polymers (Cacicedo et al 2016; Cielecka et al 2018). Acetic acid bacteria of the Komagataeibacter genus have been shown to be exceptionally efficient bacterial cellulose producers (Lin et al 2013; Valera et al 2015).…”