Novel biosynthesis of MnO NPs using Mycoendophyte: industrial bioprocessing strategies and scaling-up production with its evaluation as anti-phytopathogenic agents

Abstract

This report provides the first description of the myco-synthesis of rod-shaped MnO NPs with an average crystallite size of ~ 35 nm, employing extracellular bioactive metabolites of endophytic Trichodermavirens strain EG92 as capping/reducing agents and MnCl2·4H2O as a parent component. The wheat bran medium was chosen to grow endophytic strain EG92, which produced a variety of bioactive metabolites in extracellular fraction, which increases the yield of MnO NPs to 9.53 g/l. The whole medium and fungal growth conditions that influenced biomass generation were optimized as successive statistical optimization approaches (Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken designs). The production improvements were achieved at pH 5.5, WBE (35%), and inoculum size (10%), which increased Xmax to twelve-folds (89.63 g/l); thereby, Pmax increased to eight-folds (82.93 g/l). After 162 h, Xmax (145.63 g/l) and Pmax (99.52 g/l) on the side of µmax and YX/S were determined as 0.084 and 7.65, respectively. ViaTaguchi experimental design, fungus-fabricated MnO NPs reaction was improved by adding 0.25 M of MnCl2·4H2O to 100% of fungal extract (reducing/capping agents) and adjusting the reaction pH adjusted to ~ 5. This reaction was incubated at 60 °C for 5 h before adding 20% fungal extract (stabilizing agent). Also, Pmax was raised 40-fold (395.36 g/l) over the BC. Our myco-synthesized MnO NPs exhibit faster and more precise antagonistic actions against phytopathogenic bacteria than fungi; they could be employed as an alternative and promised nano-bio-pesticide to manage a variety of different types of disease-pathogens in the future.

Potential in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Martynia annua extract mediated Phytosynthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles

“…This method is an environmentally eco-friendly, cost-effective large-scale synthesis for highly stable NPs. The reason is the presence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, and other phytochemical substances in plant, bacterial, and fungal extracts [ [18] , [19] , [20] ].…”

Large-scale production of myco-fabricated ZnO/MnO nanocomposite using endophytic Colonstachys rosea with its antimicrobial efficacy against human pathogens

“…The many characteristics of NPs are what give rise to their bio-applications; safety is the most important characteristic, followed by composition, form, small size, large surface area, and charge 4 – 6 . The biological sources have been employed to produce NPs, including bacteria 7 , fungi 8 , actinomycetes 9 , algae 10 , plant 11 , 12 , and yeast 13 , 14 . These life forms were used as stabilizing and reducing agents to generate NPs 2 .…”

“…Endophytes are one of the many types of microbes that can produce unique bioactive compounds with significant medical significance 17 . These endophytes are microscopic microbes that live inside plants and participate in a variety of biological activities without affecting their host 18 .…”

“…Another surprise is that ZnO and MnO NPs exhibit a variety of antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and acaricidal activities depending on their concentration, size, shape, and stability 23 – 25 . Many studies have previously bio-fabricated ZnO and/or MnO NPs using various microorganisms 7 , 26 , 27 . But very little studies have been done on myco-fabricating these metal oxides using endophytes.…”

“…The endophytes Trichoderma viride 28 , Xylaria arbuscula 29 , and Aspergillus niger 30 were previously used to fabricate ZnO NPs. Furthermore, endophytic Trichoderma virens was employed in the myco-fabrication of MnO NPs 7 . Remarkably, endophytes have not yet been used to generate a ZnO/MnO nanocomposite.…”